Essentials of geology

著者

• Lutgens, Frederick K.
• Tarbuck, Edward J.
• Tasa, Dennis

書誌事項

Essentials of geology

Frederick K. Lutgens, Edward J. Tarbuck ; illustrated by Dennis Tasa

Pearson, Prentice Hall, c2006

9th ed., Pearson international ed

注記

Includes index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

For courses in physical geology and introduction to geology This ninth edition of Essentials of Geology offers completely updated material and an extensively revised design, yet retains the hallmarks instructors have come to expect from Lutgens and Tarbuck - a student-friendly writing style, outstanding illustrations by Dennis Tasa that are both geologically accurate and visually appealing, and updated coverage of the most recent geologic events.

目次

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology The Science of Geology Geology, People, and the Environment Historical Notes About Geology Catastrophism The Birth of Modern Geology Geologic Time The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Hypothesis Theory Scientific Methods Earth's Spheres Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Geosphere Earth as a System Earth System Science The Earth System The Rock Cycle: One of Earth's Subsystems The Basic Cycle Alternative Paths Earth's Internal Structure Layers Defined by Composition Early Evolution of Earth Origin of Planet Earth Formation of Earth's Layered Structure Layers Defined by Physical Properties The Face of Earth Features of the Continents Features of the Ocean Basins Dynamic Earth The Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Boundaries Box 1.1 Do Glaciers Move? An Application of the Scientific Method Chapter 2 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Elements: Building Blocks of Minerals Why Atoms Bond Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred Covalent Bonds: Electrons Shared Other Bonds Isotopes and Radioactive Decay Properties of Minerals Primary Diagnostic Properties Other Properties of Minerals Mineral Groups The Silicates The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron Other Silicate Structures Joining Silicate Structures Common Silicate Minerals The Light Silicates The Dark Silicates Important Nonsilicate Minerals Mineral Resources Box 2.1 Asbestos: What Are the Risks? Chapter 3 Igneous Rocks Magma: The Parent Material of Igneous Rock The Nature of Magma From Magma to Crystalline Rock Igneous Textures Factors Affecting Crystal Size Types of Igneous Textures Igneous Compositions Granitic versus Basaltic Compositions Other Compositional Groups Silica Content as an Indicator of Composition Naming Igneous Rocks Felsic (Granitic) Igneous Rocks Intermediate (Andesitic) Igneous Rocks Mafic (Basaltic) Igneous Rocks Pyroclastic Rocks Origin of Magma Generating Magma from Solid Rock How Magmas Evolve Bowen's Reaction Series and the Composition of Igneous Rocks Assimilation and Magma Mixing Partial Melting and Magma Formation Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes Box 3.1 A Closer Look at Bowen's Reaction Series Chapter 4 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors Affecting Viscosity Importance of Dissolved Gases Materials Extruded During an Eruption Lava Flows Gases Pyroclastic Materials Volcanic Structures and Eruptive Styles Anatomy of a Volcano Shield Volcanoes Cinder Cones Composite Cones Living in the Shadow of a Composite Cone Eruption of Vesuvius a.d. 79 Nuee Ardente: A Deadly Pyroclastic Flow Lahars: Mudflows on Active and Inactive Cones Other Volcanic Landforms Calderas Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus Volcanic Pipes and Necks Intrusive Igneous Activity Nature of Plutons Diles Sills and Laccoliths Batholiths Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity Igneous Activity at Convergent Plate Boundaries Igneous Activity at Divergent Plate Boundaries Intraplate Igneous Activity Box 4.1 Anatomy of an Eruption Box 4.2 Can Volcanoes Change Earth's Climate? Chapter 5 Weathering and Soils Earth's External Processes Weathering Mechanical Weathering Frost Wedging Unloading Biological Activity Chemical Weathering Water and Carbonic Acid How Granite Weathers Weathering of Silicate Minerals Spheroidal Weathering Rates of Weathering Rock Characteristics Climate Differential Weathering Soil An Interface in the Earth System What Is Soil? Controls of Soil Formation Parent Material Time Climate Plants and Animals Topography The Soil Profile Soil Erosion How Soil Is Eroded Classifying Soils Rates of Erosion Sedimentation and Chemical Pollution Weathering: The Cause of Ore Deposits Bauxite Other Deposits Box 5.1 Clearing the Tropical Rain ForestThe Impact on Its Soils Chapter 6 Sedimentary Rocks What Is a Sedimentary Rock? Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification Types of Sedimentary Rocks Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Shale Sandstone Conglomerate and Breccia Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Limestone Dolostone Chert Evaporites Coal Classification of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Sedimentary Structures Nonmetallic Mineral Resources from Sedimentary Rocks Energy Resources from Sedimentary Rocks Coal Oil and Natural Gas Box 6.1: The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks Chapter 7 Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism Agents of Metamorphism Heat as a Metamorphic Agent Pressure and Differential Stress Chemically Active Fluids Metamorphic Textures Foliation Foliated Textures Other Metamorphic Textures Common Metamorphic Rocks Foliated Rocks Nonfoliated Rocks Metamorphic Environments Contact or Thermal Metamorphism Hydrothermal Metamorphism Regional Metamorphism Other Metamorphic Environments Metamorphic Zones Textural Variations Index Minerals and Metamorphic Grade Chapter 8 Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity A Landslide Disaster in Peru Mass Wasting and Landform Development The Role of Mass Wasting Slopes Change Through Time Controls and Triggers of Mass Wasting The Role of Water Oversteepened Slopes Removal of Vegetation Earthquakes as Triggers Landslides Without Triggers? Classification of Mass-Wasting Processes Type of Material Type of Motion Rate of Movement Slump Rockslide Debris Flow Debris Flows in Semiarid Regions Lahars Earthflow Slow Movements Creep Solifluction Box 8.1: Debris Flows on Alluvial Fans: A Case Study from Venezuela Box 8.2: The Sensitive Permafrost Landscape Chapter 9 Running Water Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle Running Water Drainage Basins River Systems Streamflow Gradient and Channel Characteristics Discharge Changes from Upstream to Downstream The Work of Running Water Erosion Transportation Deposition Stream Channels Bedrock Channels Alluvial Channels Base Level and Stream Erosion Shaping Stream Valleys Valley Deepening Valley Widening Changing Base Level and Incised Meanders Depositional Landforms Deltas Natural Levees Alluvial Fans Drainage Patterns Floods and Flood Control Causes and Types of Floods Flood Control Box 9.1: Coastal Wetlands Are Vanishing on the Mississippi Delta Chapter 10 Groundwater Importance of Underground Water Distribution of Underground Water The Water Table Variations in the Water Table Interaction Between Groundwater and Streams Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater Porosity Permeability, Aquitards, and Aquifers How Groundwater Moves Springs Wells Artesian Wells Environmental Problems Associated with Groundwater Treating Groundwater as a Nonrenewable Resource Land Subsidence Caused by Groundwater Withdrawal Groundwater Contamination Hot Springs and Geysers Geothermal Energy The Geologic Work of Groundwater Caverns Karst Topography Box 10.1 Measuring Groundwater Movement Box 10.2: The Case of the Disappearing Lake Chapter 11 Glaciers and Glaciation Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles Valley (Alpine) Glaciers Other Types of Glaciers How Glaciers Move Rates of Glacial Movement Budget of a Glacier Glacial Erosion Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion Glaciated Valleys Aretes and Horns Roches Moutonnees Glacial Deposits Types of Glacial Drift Moraines, Outwash Plains, and Kettles Drumlins, Eskers, and Kames Glaciers of the Ice Age Some Indirect Effects of Ice Age Glaciers Causes of Glaciation Plate Tectonics Variations in Earth's Orbit Other Factors Box 11.1 The Collapse of Antarctic Ice Shelves Box 11.2 Glacial IceA Storehouse of Climate Data Chapter 12 Deserts and Wind Distribution and Causes of Dry Lands Low-Latitude Deserts Middle-Latitude Deserts Geologic Processes in Arid Climates Weathering The Role of Water Basin and Range: The Evolution of a Desert Mountainous Landscape Transportation of Sediment by Wind Bed Load Suspended Load Wind Erosion Deflation, Blowouts, and Desert Pavement Wind Abrasion Wind Deposits Sand Deposits Types of Sand Dunes Loess (Silt) Deposits Box 12.1 The Disappearing Aral Sea Box 12.2 Dust BowlSoil Erosion in the Great Plains Chapter 13 Shorelines The Shoreline: A Dynamic Interface The Coastal Zone Waves Wave Characteristics Circular Orbital Motion Waves in the Surf Zone Wave Erosion Sand Movement on the Beach Movement Perpendicular to the Shoreline Wave Refraction Beach Drift and Longshore Currents Shoreline Features Erosional Features Depositional Features The Evolving Shore Stabilizing the Shore Hard Stabilization Alternatives to Hard Stabilization Erosion Problems Along U.S. Coasts Coastal Classification Emergent Coasts Submergent Coasts Tides Causes of Tides Monthly Tidal Cycle Tidal Currents Box 13.1 The Move of the CenturyRelocating the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse Box 13.2 Coastal Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise Chapter 14 Earthquakes and Earth's Interior What Is an Earthquake? Earthquakes and Faults Discovering the Cause of Earthquakes Foreshocks and Aftershocks San Andreas Fault: An Active Earthquake Zone Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Locating an Earthquake Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Intensity Scales Magnitude Scales Destruction from Earthquakes Destruction from Seismic Vibrations Tsunami Landslides and Ground Subsidence Fire Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? Short-Range Predictions Long-Range Forecasts Earthquake's and Earth's Interior Layers Defined by Composition Layers Defined by Physical Properties Discovering Earth's Major Layers Discovering Earth's Composition Box 14.1 Damaging Earthquakes East of the Rockies Chapter 15 Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Theory Unfolds Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Evidence: The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle Evidence: Fossils Match Across the Seas Evidence: Rock Types and Structures Match Evidence: Ancient Climates The Great Debate Plate Tectonics: The New Paradigm Earth's Major Plates Plate Boundaries Divergent Boundaries Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading Continental Rifting Convergent Boundaries Oceanic-Continental Convergence Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence Continental-Continental Convergence Transform Fault Boundaries Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Evidence: Ocean Drilling Evidence: Hot Spots Evidence: Paleomagnetism Measuring Plate Motion What Drives Plate Motion? Forces that Drive Plate Motion Models of Plate-Mantle Convection Plate Tectonics into the Future Box 15.1 The Breakup of Pangaea Chapter 16 Origin and Evolution of the Ocean Floor An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor Mapping the Seafloor Viewing the Ocean Floor from Space Provinces of the Ocean Floor Continental Margins Passive Continental Margins Active Continental Margins Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Deep-Ocean Trenches Abyssal Plains Seamounts, Guyots, and Oceanic Plateaus Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge Origin of Oceanic Lithosphere Seafloor Spreading Why Are Oceanic Ridges Elevated? Spreading Rates and Ridge Topography The Structure of Oceanic Crust Formation of Oceanic Crust Interactions Between Seawater and Oceanic Crust Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin Evolution of an Ocean Basin Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere Why Oceanic Lithosphere Subducts Subducting Plates: The Demise of an Ocean Basin Opening and Closing Ocean Basins: The Supercontinent Cycle Before Pangaea Box 16.1 Explaining Coral AtollsDarwin's Hypothesis Chapter 17 Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building Rock Deformation Temperature and Confining Pressure Rock Type Time Folds Types of Folds Domes and Basins Faults Dip-Slip Faults Strike-Slip Faults Joints Mountain Building at Subduction Zones Island Arcs Mountain Building Along Andean-Type Margins Mountain Building Collisional Mountain Ranges Terranes and Mountain Building Continental Collisions Fault-Block Mountains Vertical Movements of the Crust Isostasy How High Is Too High? Box 17.1 The San Andreas Fault System Chapter 18 Geologic Time Geology Needs a Time Scale Relative DatingKey Principles Law of Superposition Principle of Original Horizontality Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships Inclusions Unconformities Using Relative Dating Principles Correlation of Rock Layers Fossils: Evidence of Past Life Types of Fossils Conditions Favoring Preservation Fossils and Correlation Dating with Radioactivity Reviewing Basic Atomic Structure Radioactivity Half-Life Radiometric Dating Dating with Carbon-14 Importance of Radiometric Dating The Geologic Time Scale Structure of the Time Scale Precambrian Time Difficulties in Dating the Geologic Time Scale Box 18.1 Radon Box 18.2 Using Tree Rings to Date and Study the Recent Past Chapter 19 Earth History: A Brief Summary Early Evolution of Earth Earth's Primitive Atmosphere Earth's Atmosphere Evolves Precambrian Time: Vast and Enigmatic Precambrian History Precambrian Fossils Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes Paleozoic History Early Paleozoic Life Late Paleozoic Life Mesozoic Era: Age of the Dinosaurs Mesozoic History Mesozoic Life Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals Cenozoic North America Cenozoic Life Box 19.1 Demise of the Dinosaurs

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BA85783872
• ISBN:
  • 0131981951
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: Upper Saddle River, N.J.
• ページ数/冊数: xvii, 486 p.
• 大きさ: 28 cm.
• 付属資料: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
• 分類:
  • LCC : QE26.3
  • DC22 : 550
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Geology -- Textbooks