Genetically engineered crops : interim policies, uncertain legislation
著者
書誌事項
Genetically engineered crops : interim policies, uncertain legislation
（Food Products Press crop science / Amarjit S. Basra, senior editor）
Haworth Food & Agricultural Products Press, c2007
- : pbk
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Take a closer look at the questions surrounding the long-term impact of GE crops
Genetically Engineered Crops examines current controversies surrounding the potential health, environmental, and social impacts of plants produced using molecular biology techniques. Educators, professionals, and practitioners representing a wide range of disciplines, including plant biotechnology, environmental health risk assessment, law, food safety assessment, and bio safety, address the uncertainties of the science, biological risks, national and international governance issues in North and South America, Europe, and Africa, and the need for full public understanding of genetically engineered crops.
Proper regulation of food requires a broad understanding of the science and of varying public perceptions of the technology that will lead to effective governance. Genetically Engineered Crops examines ecological, health, and environmental concerns about crop genetic engineering, the need for precaution, biosafety, and liability, and the challenges faced in meeting the public's demands for proper understanding of the risks involved. With no worldwide framework for regulation in place and public concern about food safety growing, this vital book takes a closer look at the long-term impact of GE crops and their place in the future of agriculture.
Genetically Engineered Crops examines:
the laboratory hazards of gene splicing
environmental releases of GEOs
the loss of agrobiodiversity
the ecological effects of HRCs
ecological and environmental risk assessment of GE crops
human health implications of GE foods
allergenicity and toxicity
the precautionary principle
international trade and regulatory harm
smart regulations in Canada
shortcomings in risk assessment
liability and compensation
and much more
Genetically Engineered Crops is a vital reference resource for anyone working in the plant and crop sciences, the social sciences, national and international bioregulation, environmental law, and agribusiness.
目次
About the Editor
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction. Genetic Engineering of Crops: Science Meets Civil Society's Response
Abbreviations
PART I. SCIENCE AND THE FUTURE
Chapter 1. The Birth of Synthetic Biology and the Genetic Mode of Production (Sheldon Krimsky)
Biotechnology: Evolution or Revolution?
First-Generation Fears About Gene Splicing: Laboratory Hazards
Emerging Industrial Sectors
Second-Generation Controversies: Environmental Releases of GEOs
Third-Generation Biotech Controversies: Globalization
Conclusion
Chapter 2. Controversy Around Terminology and Novelty: Engineered, Modified Biotechnology and Transgenics (Brian Ellis)
The Classic Period
Mother Nature's Genetic Engineer
When in Doubt, Reach for Your Gun
The Basic Toolkit
Choosing Targets
Round Two
So Many Genes, So Much Time
Conclusions
Chapter 3. Transgenic Crops, Agrobiodiversity, and Agroecosystem Function (Miguel A. Altieri)
Biotechnology and the Loss of Agrobiodiversity
Ecological Effects of Hrcs
Ecological Risks of Bt Crops
General Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter 4. Ecological Risk Assessment of GE Crops: Getting the Science Fundamentals Right (Michelle Marvier and Sabrina West)
Environmental Risk Assessment for GE Crops
What Can We Learn from the Longer History of Classical Biological Control?
Conclusion
Chapter 5. Coping with Uncertainty: The Human Health Implications of GE Foods (Paul R. Billings and Peter Shorett)
Introduction
Food Is a Drug
Using Toxicology and Epidemiology to Evaluate Food Safety
Substantial Equivalence and Its Consequences
Nutrition
Allergenicity
Toxicity
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Future Research Tackling the Technology Divide: A Research Agenda for Crop Biotechnology (Michael Korthals)
Introduction
The Current State of Affairs: Crisis in Governments, Markets, Civil Societies, and Science and Agriculture
Plant-Biotechnology and Agriculture
Seven Persistent Ethical Problems of Biotechnology
Research Agendas of Natural and Social Sciences (Beta-gamma Interaction): Tackling the Problems
Conclusion
Chapter 7. Next Challenges for Crop GE: Maturing of Governance and Moves Beyond Food Issues (Iain E. P. Taylor)
Introduction
What Can Plants Do For Us?
The Environmental Failure
The Industrial Incentive
The Regulatory Future
Aquaculture
Forestry
Environmental Remediation
PART II. ISSUES IN CURRENT GOVERNANCE
Chapter 8. A Precautionary Framework for Biotechnology (Katherine Barrett and Conrad G. Brunk)
Introduction
The Debate About the Precautionary Principle
Burden of Proof
Standards of Safety
Conclusion
Chapter 9. The Precautionary Principle and Biotechnology: Guiding a Public Interest Research Agenda (Carolyn Raffensperger)
Introduction
The Precautionary Principle
Ethics
Precautionary Research: A New Social Contract
Public Money for Private Interest
Public Interest Research
Local to Global
Legal Challenges
Chapter 10. Trade, Science, and Canada's Regulatory Framework for Determining the Environmental Safety of GE Crops (Elisabeth A. Abergel)
Regulatory and Economic Uncertainty
Market Disputes
Canada's Risk-Based Approach
Herbicide-Tolerant Canola
Scientific Uncertainty and the Canadian Regulatory Framework
International Trade and Regulatory Harmony
Smart Regulations
Precaution and Science-Based Regulations
Conclusion
Chapter 11. Principles Driving U.S. Governance of Agbiotech (Kathleen A. Merrigan)
Principle 1: No "Special Treatment"
Principle 2: Invest in Research and Education
Principle 3: Strong Property Rights
Future Governance
Conclusion
Chapter 12. Biotechnology Policy in the European Union (Armin Spoek)
Introduction
Europe versus the European Union
The Limited Importance of EE R&D Policy
Overall Regulatory Approach
Risk Assessment and Decision Making
Directive 90/220/EEC The Shortcomings of a Harmonization Tool
Diverging Framings in GEO Risk Assessments
European Publics: Reluctance and Diverging Attitudes Toward Biotechnology
The New Regulatory Regime
Conclusions
Chapter 13. Regulatory Regimes for GE Crops in Africa (Jennifer A. Thomson)
South Africa
Kenya
Egypt
Other Countries
Chapter 14. GEO Research and Agribusiness in Brazil: Impact of the Regulatory Framework (Marilia Regini Nutti, Maria Jose Amstalden Sampaio, and Edson Watanabe)
Introduction
The Brazilian Legal Framework for GM Crops
Embrapa's Biosafety Network
The Soybean Saga
The Labeling Decree No. 4680
The Cartagena Protocol
Current GEO Labeling Legislation in Brazil
Food Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Foods
Environmental Impacts
Final Considerations
Chapter 15. Toward a Liability and Compensation Regime Under the Biosafety Protocol (Kristen Dawkins and Josh DuBois)
Introduction
Suggestions for the Development of Biosafety Liability Rules
Damage that Should be Recoverable
Remedies
Conclusion
PART III. CHALLENGES TO CIVIL SOCIETY
Chapter 16. Public Spheres Pushing for Change: Public Participation in the Governance of GE Crops (Simon Joss)
Introduction
Genealogy of Public Debate
Participation as Governance
Institutional Arenas of Participatory Governance
Extrainstitutional Arenas of Participatory Governance
Conclusions
Chapter 17. Risky Delusions: Misunderstanding science and Misperforming Publics in the GE Crops Issue (Brian Wynne)
Introduction
Objects of Confusion and Provocation
Risk Assessment and Excluded Dimensions of "Uncertainty"
From "Unknown Unknowns" to Known Uncertainties: A Tacit Culture of Control
Confusions of Meaning: Constructing the Public by "Listening" to It
Constructed Risk: Performing "Publics" and Externalizing Responsibility
Conclusions: A Learning Science?
Index
Reference Notes Included
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