CiNii Books - Brain machine interfaces for space applications : enhancing astronaut capabilities

Among the most interesting fields in research are the emerging possibilities to interface the human brain directly with machines, e.g. with computers and robotic interfaces. The European Space Agency's Advanced Concept team as a multidisciplinary team from engineering, artificial intelligence, and neural engineering has been working on the cutting edge of exploring brain machine interfaces for application in space as solutions to limitations astronauts face in space, and this book for the first time presents the state-of-the-art-cohesively.

Table of Contents

CONTENTS Contributors......................................................................... xi Foreword ............................................................................... xv Preface ................................................................................... xvii SECTION ONE HYBRID BIONIC SYSTEMS EMGBased and GazeTrackingBased Man-Machine Interfaces Federico Carpi and Danilo De Rossi I. Introduction ........................................................................ 4 II. EMGBasedInterfaces............................................................. 5 III. GazeTrackingBasedInterfaces.................................................. 12 IV. FinalRemark ....................................................................... 19 References .......................................................................... 19 Bidirectional Interfaces with the Peripheral Nervous System Silvestro Micera and Xavier Navarro I. Introduction ........................................................................ 24 II. OrganizationandFunctionofthePNS ........................................ 25 III. Nerve Electrodes:TypesandApplications..................................... 28 IV. Stimulationand RecordingNeuralSignals .................................... 31 V. BiomedicalApplications.......................................................... 33 References .......................................................................... 35 Interfacing Insect Brain for Space Applications Giovanni Di Pino, Tobias Seidl, Antonella Benvenuto, Fabrizio Sergi, Domenico Campolo, Dino Accoto, Paolo Maria Rossini, and Eugenio Guglielmelli I. Introduction ........................................................................ 40 II. Interfaces............................................................................ 41 III. SensoryandMotorMapping..................................................... 44 IV. ProposingaModelofHybrid Control Architecture ......................... 45 v vi CONTENTS V. ConclusionsandOutlook......................................................... 46 References........................................................................... 47 SECTION TWO MEET THE BRAIN Meet the Brain: Neurophysiology John Rothwell I. Introduction......................................................................... 52 II. HowDoNeuronsTransmit Information?...................................... 53 III. Synapses ............................................................................. 55 IV. TheMotorAreasofthe CerebralCortex....................................... 57 V. PlasticityofPrimaryMotorCortex .............................................. 63 VI. Conclusions ......................................................................... 64 References........................................................................... 65 Fundamentals of Electroencefalography, Magnetoencefalography, and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Claudio Babiloni, Vittorio Pizzella, Cosimo del Gratta, Antonio Ferretti, and Gian Luca Romani I. Introduction to Electroencephalography andMagnetoencephalography ................................................... 68 II. Physiological GenerationofEEG/MEGSignals............................... 69 III. EEG and MEG Techniques Allow the Study of Brain Rhythms............. 73 IV. FunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging ...................................... 74 V. Physiological Generation of Blood Oxygen LevelDependent Signal ...... 75 VI. TypicalfMRIExperimentalDesigns............................................. 77 VII. BOLDfMRITechniquesin Clinical Environment ............................ 77 References........................................................................... 78 Implications of Brain Plasticity to Brain-Machine Interfaces Operation: A Potential Paradox? Paolo Maria Rossini I. Introduction......................................................................... 82 II. BrainPlasticity ...................................................................... 83 III. BrainPlasticityandBMISystems ................................................ 87 IV. MonitoringPlasticityDuringBMIControl ..................................... 88 V. Conclusions ......................................................................... 89 References........................................................................... 89 CONTENTS SECTION THREE BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACES, A NEW BRAINTOENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION CHANNEL An Overview of BMIs Francisco Sepulveda I. Introduction ........................................................................ 94 II. MainElementsinaBMI.......................................................... 96 III. BMITypes........................................................................... 99 IV. BMIsandtheUser'sAbility...................................................... 102 V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 104 References .......................................................................... 104 Neurofeedback and Brain-Computer Interface: Clinical Applications Niels Birbaumer, Ander Ramos Murguialday, Cornelia Weber, and Pedro Montoya I. Introduction ........................................................................ 108 II. FunctionalMagnetic ResonanceImaging: fMRIBMI ........................ 109 III. BMIinLockedinSyndrome..................................................... 110 IV. BMIinStrokeandSpinalCordInjury ......................................... 112 V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 114 References .......................................................................... 115 Flexibility and Practicality: Graz Brain-Computer Interface Approach Reinhold Scherer, Gernot R. MullerPutz, and Gert Pfurtscheller I. Introduction ........................................................................ 120 II. GrazBCI ............................................................................ 120 III. Applications......................................................................... 122 IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 127 References .......................................................................... 129 On the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces Outside Scientific Laboratories: Toward an Application in Domotic Environments F. Babiloni, F. Cincotti, M. Marciani, S. Salinari, L. Astolfi, F. Aloise, F. De Vico Fallani, and D. Mattia I. Introduction ........................................................................ 134 II. Methodology........................................................................ 135 viii CONTENTS III. Results................................................................................ 142 IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 144 References........................................................................... 146 Brain-Computer Interface Research at the Wadsworth Center: Developments in Noninvasive Communication and Control Dean J. Krusienski and Jonathan R. Wolpaw I. Introduction......................................................................... 147 II. SensorimotorRhythmBasedBCIControl...................................... 149 III. P300BasedBCIControl........................................................... 152 IV. CurrentandFutureDirections................................................... 154 V. Conclusion .......................................................................... 155 References........................................................................... 155 WatchingBrain TV and Playing Brain Ball: ExploringNovel BCI Strategies Using RealTime Analysis of Human Intracranial Data Karim Jerbi, Samson Freyermuth, Lorella Minotti, Philippe Kahane, Alain Berthoz, and JeanPhilippe Lachaux I. Introduction......................................................................... 160 II. MaterialsandMethods............................................................ 161 III. Results................................................................................ 161 IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 166 References........................................................................... 167 SECTION FOUR BRAINMACHINE INTERFACES AND SPACE Adaptive Changes of Rhythmic EEG Oscillations in Space: Implications for Brain-Machine Interface Applications G. Cheron, A. M. Cebolla, M. Petieau, A. Bengoetxea, E. PalmeroSoler, A. Leroy, and B. Dan I. Introduction......................................................................... 172 II. SpontaneousEEG Fluctuations:Whereisthe Baseline? ..................... 172 III. Howto Manage AlphaandMu Oscillationsin Space........................ 173 IV. From the Identification Process to the Exploitation ofBrainOscillationsinSpace.................................................... 174 V. The Influence of TopDown Dynamics on BCI Approach ............... 176 VI. Gamma EEG Oscillations: AWindow into Cognition, Perception, Attention, Binding,or MicrosaccadicEye Movements ....................... 179 VII. The Gating of the SomatosensoryEvokedPotentials asaNewToolsforBCI............................................................ 179 References........................................................................... 183 CONTENTS Validation of Brain-Machine Interfaces During Parabolic Flight Jose del R. Millan, Pierre W. Ferrez, and Tobias Seidl I. Introduction ........................................................................ 189 II. Methods............................................................................. 190 III. ExperimentalResults.............................................................. 193 IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 196 References .......................................................................... 197 Matching Brain-Machine Interface Performance to Space Applications Luca Citi, Oliver Tonet, and Martina Marinelli I. Introduction ........................................................................ 200 II. Methods: PerformanceMeasuresofHBSs ..................................... 201 III. Materials............................................................................. 202 IV. Results:Matching InterfacesandDevices...................................... 205 V. PossibleDemonstrators ........................................................... 208 VI. Conclusions......................................................................... 209 References .......................................................................... 210 Brain-Machine Interfaces forSpace Applications-Research,Technological Development, and Opportunities Leopold Summerer, Dario Izzo, and Luca Rossini I. Introduction ........................................................................ 214 II. AnOutlookonBMIResearchTrends.......................................... 215 III. Future Manned Space Programs-Planned or Envisioned.................. 217 IV. NextStepsTowardBMIsforSpaceApplications............................. 220 V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 221 References .......................................................................... 221 Index ...................................................................................... 225 Contents of Recent Volumes................................................ 231

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