CiNii 図書 - Introduction to materials science for engineers

For a first course in Materials Sciences and Engineering taught in the departments of materials science, mechanical, civil and general engineering. This text provides balanced, current treatment of the full spectrum of engineering materials, covering all the physical properties, applications and relevant properties associated with engineering materials. It explores all of major categories of materials while also offering detailed examinations of a wide range of new materials with high-tech applications.

1 Materials for Engineering 1 1.1 The Material World 1 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2 1.3 Six Materials That Changed Your World 3 STEEL BRIDGES-INTRODUCING METALS 3 LUCALOX LAMPS-INTRODUCING CERAMICS 5 OPTICAL FIBERS-INTRODUCING GLASSES 9 NYLON PARACHUTES-INTRODUCING POLYMERS 11 KEVLAR (R)-REINFORCED TIRES-INTRODUCING COMPOSITES 13 SILICON CHIPS-INTRODUCING SEMICONDUCTORS 14 1.4 Processing and Selecting Materials 15 1.5 Looking at Materials by Powers of Ten 17 PART I The Fundamentals 2 Atomic Bonding 22 2.1 Atomic Structure 22 2.2 The Ionic Bond 28 COORDINATION NUMBER 32 2.3 The Covalent Bond 39 2.4 The Metallic Bond 45 2.5 The Secondary, or van der Waals, Bond 47 2.6 Materials-The Bonding Classification 50 3 Crystalline Structure-Perfection 58 3.1 Seven Systems and Fourteen Lattices 58 3.2 Metal Structures 62 3.3 Ceramic Structures 66 3.4 Polymeric Structures 74 3.5 Semiconductor Structures 76 3.6 Lattice Positions, Directions, and Planes 80 3.7 X-Ray Diffraction 92 4 Crystal Defects and Noncrystalline Structure-Imperfection 102 4.1 The Solid Solution-Chemical Imperfection 102 4.2 Point Defects-Zero-Dimensional Imperfections 108 4.3 Linear Defects, or Dislocations-One-Dimensional Imperfections 110 4.4 Planar Defects-Two-Dimensional Imperfections 113 4.5 Noncrystalline Solids-Three-Dimensional Imperfections 118 5 Diffusion 126 5.1 Thermally Activated Processes 126 5.2 Thermal Production of Point Defects 130 5.3 Point Defects and Solid-State Diffusion 132 5.4 Steady-State Diffusion 142 5.5 Alternate Diffusion Paths 146 6 Mechanical Behavior 152 6.1 Stress Versus Strain 152 METALS 153 CERAMICS AND GLASSES 164 POLYMERS 168 6.2 Elastic Deformation 173 6.3 Plastic Deformation 174 6.4 Hardness 181 6.5 Creep and Stress Relaxation 185 6.6 Viscoelastic Deformation 193 INORGANIC GLASSES 194 ORGANIC POLYMERS 196 ELASTOMERS 199 7 Thermal Behavior 210 7.1 Heat Capacity 210 7.2 Thermal Expansion 213 7.3 Thermal Conductivity 216 7.4 Thermal Shock 221 8 Failure Analysis and Prevention 227 8.1 Impact Energy 228 8.2 Fracture Toughness 233 8.3 Fatigue 237 8.4 Nondestructive Testing 246 8.5 Failure Analysis and Prevention 249 9 Phase Diagrams-Equilibrium Microstructural Development 257 9.1 The Phase Rule 258 9.2 The Phase Diagram 261 COMPLETE SOLID SOLUTION 262 EUTECTIC DIAGRAM WITH NO SOLID SOLUTION 265 EUTECTIC DIAGRAM WITH LIMITED SOLID SOLUTION 267 EUTECTOID DIAGRAM 269 PERITECTIC DIAGRAM 271 GENERAL BINARY DIAGRAMS 275 9.3 The Lever Rule 281 9.4 Microstructural Development During Slow Cooling 285 10 Kinetics-Heat Treatment 304 10.1 Time-The Third Dimension 304 10.2 The T T T Diagram 309 DIFFUSIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS 310 DIFFUSIONLESS (MARTENSITIC) TRANSFORMATIONS 311 HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL 316 10.3 Hardenability 324 10.4 Precipitation Hardening 327 10.5 Annealing 330 COLD WORK 331 RECOVERY 331 RECRYSTALLIZATION 332 GRAIN GROWTH 334 10.6 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations for Nonmetals 335 PART II Materials and Their Applications 11 Structural Materials-Metals, Ceramics, and Glasses 348 11.1 Metals 348 FERROUS ALLOYS 348 NONFERROUS ALLOYS 355 11.2 Ceramics and Glasses 359 CERAMICS-CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 360 GLASSES-NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 361 GLASS-CERAMICS 363 11.3 Processing the Structural Materials 365 PROCESSING OF METALS 366 PROCESSING OF CERAMICS AND GLASSES 372 12 Structural Materials-Polymers and Composites 381 12.1 Polymers 381 POLYMERIZATION 382 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF POLYMERS 387 THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS 391 THERMOSETTING POLYMERS 392 ADDITIVES 394 12.2 Composites 396 FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 396 AGGREGATE COMPOSITES 403 PROPERTY AVERAGING 405 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES 411 12.3 Processing the Structural Materials 416 PROCESSING OF POLYMERS 416 PROCESSING OF COMPOSITES 417 13 Electronic Materials 426 13.1 Charge Carriers and Conduction 427 13.2 Energy Levels and Energy Bands 431 13.3 Conductors 437 THERMOCOUPLES 440 SUPERCONDUCTORS 441 13.4 Insulators 449 13.5 Semiconductors 451 INTRINSIC, ELEMENTAL SEMICONDUCTORS 452 EXTRINSIC, ELEMENTAL SEMICONDUCTORS 457 COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 469 PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTORS 472 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 476 13.6 Composites 485 13.7 Electrical Classification of Materials 485 14 Materials in Engineering Design 493 14.1 Material Properties-Engineering Design Parameters 493 14.2 Selection of Structural Materials-Case Studies 498 MATERIALS FOR WINDSURFER MASTS 499 METAL SUBSTITUTION WITH COMPOSITES 503 MATERIALS FOR HIP-JOINT REPLACEMENT 503 14.3 Selection of Electronic Materials-Case Studies 506 AMORPHOUS METAL FOR ELECTRIC-POWER DISTRIBUTION 507 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE 511 14.4 Materials and Our Environment 514 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF MATERIALS 514 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DESIGN 523 RECYCLING 526 APPENDIX ONE Physical and Chemical Data for the Elements A-1 APPENDIX TWO Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements A-4 APPENDIX THREE Constants and Conversion Factors A-7 APPENDIX FOUR Properties of the Structural Materials A-8 APPENDIX FIVE Properties of the Electronic Materials A-17 APPENDIX SIX Glossary A-20 Answers to Practice Problems (PP) and Odd-Numbered Problems AN-1 Index I-1

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Introduction to materials science for engineers

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