Modified amino acids, organocatalysis and enzymes
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書誌事項
Modified amino acids, organocatalysis and enzymes
（Amino acids, peptides and proteins in organic chemistry / edited by Andrew B. Hughes, v. 2）
Wiley-VCH, c2009
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This is the second of five books in the Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Synthesis series.
Closing a gap in the literature, this is the only series to cover this important topic in organic and biochemistry. Drawing upon the combined expertise of the international "who's who" in amino acid research, these volumes represent a real benchmark for amino acid chemistry, providing a comprehensive discussion of the occurrence, uses and applications of amino acids and, by extension, their polymeric forms, peptides and proteins.
The practical value of each volume is heightened by the inclusion of experimental procedures.
The 5 volumes cover the following topics:
Volume 1: Origins and Synthesis of Amino Acids
Volume 2: Modified Amino Acids, Organocatalysis and Enzymes
Volume 3: Building Blocks, Catalysis and Coupling Chemistry
Volume 4: Protection Reactions, Medicinal Chemistry, Combinatorial Synthesis
Volume 5: Analysis and Function of Amino Acids and Peptides
Clearly structured in three main sections, this second volume in the series begins with the synthesis and chemistry of modified amino acids. The second part deals with the catalysis of reactions by amino acids, while the final section is devoted to enzymes, including proteases as catalysts, semisynthetic enzymes, catalysis by peptide-based enzyme models, substrate and protein recognition, as well as mammalian and insect peptide hormones.
Originally planned as a six volume series, Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry now completes with five volumes but remains comprehensive in both scope and coverage.
Further information about the 5 Volume Set and purchasing details can be viewed here.
目次
List of Contributors XIX
Part One Synthesis and Chemistry of Modified Amino Acids 1
1 Synthesis and Chemistry of a,b-Didehydroamino Acids 3
Uli Kazmaier
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Synthesis of DDAAs 3
1.3 Reactions of DDAAs 14
1.4 Conclusions 21
1.5 Experimental Procedures 22
2 Synthesis and Chemistry of a-Hydrazino Acids 35
Joelle Vidal
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Synthesis 41
2.3 Chemistry 63
2.4 Conclusions 78
2.5 Experimental Procedures 79
3 Hydroxamic Acids: Chemistry, Bioactivity, and Solution and Solid-Phase Synthesis 93
Darren Griffith, Marc Devocelle, and Celine J. Marmion
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Chemistry, Bioactivity, and Clinical Utility 93
3.3 Solution-Phase Synthesis of Hydroxamic Acids 106
3.4 Solid-Phase Synthesis of Hydroxamic Acids 121
3.5 Conclusions 130
3.6 Experimental Procedures 130
References 137
4 Chemistry of a-Aminoboronic Acids and their Derivatives 145
Valery M. Dembitsky and Morris Srebnik
4.1 Introduction 145
4.2 Synthesis of a-Aminoboronic Acids 146
4.3 Synthesis of a-Amidoboronic Acid Derivatives 146
4.4 Asymmetric Synthesis via a-Haloalkylboronic Esters 151
4.5 Synthesis of Glycine a-Aminoboronic Acids 154
4.6 Synthesis of Proline a-Aminoboronic Acids 155
4.7 Synthesis of Alanine a-Aminoboronic Acids 162
4.8 Synthesis of Ornithine a-Aminoboronic Acids 164
4.9 Synthesis of Arginine a-Aminoboronic Acids 167
4.10 Synthesis of Phenethyl Peptide Boronic Acids 170
4.11 Synthesis via Zirconocene Species 172
4.12 Synthesis and Activity of Amine-Carboxyboranes and their Derivatives 174
4.13 Synthesis of Boron Analogs of Phosphonoacetates 179
4.14 Conclusions 183
References 183
5 Chemistry of Aminophosphonic Acids and Phosphonopeptides 189
Valery P. Kukhar and Vadim D. Romanenko
5.1 Introduction 189
5.2 Physical/Chemical Properties and Analysis 191
5.3 Synthesis of a-Aminophosphonic Acids 193
5.4 Synthesis of b-Aminophosphonates 212
5.5 Synthesis of g-Aminophosphonates and Higher Homologs 219
5.6 Phosphono- and Phosphinopeptides 227
5.7 Remarks on the Practical Utility of Aminophosphonates 240
5.8 Conclusions 245
5.9 Experimental Procedures 246
References 249
6 Chemistry of Silicon-Containing Amino Acids 261
Yingmei Qi and Scott McN. Sieburth
6.1 Introduction 261
6.2 Synthesis of Silicon-Containing Amino Acids 263
6.3 Reactions of Silicon-Containing Amino Acids 271
6.4 Bioactive Peptides Incorporating Silicon-Substituted Amino Acids 272
6.5 Conclusions 275
6.6 Experimental Procedures 276
References 278
Part Two Amino Acid Organocatalysis 281
7 Catalysis of Reactions by Amino Acids 283
Haibo Xie, Thomas Hayes, and Nicholas Gathergood
7.1 Introduction 283
7.2 Aldol Reaction 285
7.3 Mannich Reaction 298
7.4 a-Amination Reaction 306
7.5 Michael Reaction 308
7.6 Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction and Its Aza-Counterpart 319
7.7 Miscellaneous Amino Acid-Catalyzed Reactions 321
7.8 Sustainability of Amino Acid Catalysis 328
7.9 Conclusions and Expectations 330
7.10 Typical Procedures for Preferred Catalysis of Reactions by Amino Acids 330
References 333
Part Three Enzymes 339
8 Proteases as Powerful Catalysts for Organic Synthesis 341
Andres Illanes, Fanny Guzman, and Sonia Barberis
8.1 Enzyme Biocatalysis 341
8.2 Proteolytic Enzymes: Mechanisms and Characteristics 345
8.3 Proteases as Process Catalysts 348
8.4 Proteases in Organic Synthesis 350
8.5 Peptide Synthesis 350
8.6 Conclusions 360
References 361
9 Semisynthetic Enzymes 379
Usama M. Hegazy and Bengt Mannervik
9.1 Usefulness of Semisynthetic Enzymes 379
9.2 Natural Protein Biosynthesis 380
9.3 Sense Codon Reassignment 381
9.4 Missense Suppression 385
9.5 Evolving the Orthogonal aaRS/tRNA Pair 387
9.6 Nonsense Suppression 390
9.7 Mischarging of tRNA by Ribozyme 395
9.8 Evolving the Orthogonal Ribosome/mRNA Pair 396
9.9 Frame-Shift Suppression 397
9.10 Noncanonical Base Pairs 399
9.11 Chemical Ligation 401
9.12 Inteins 404
9.13 EPL 410
9.14 Post-Translational Chemical Modification 411
9.15 Examples of Semisynthetic Enzymes 415
9.16 Conclusions 419
References 419
10 Catalysis by Peptide-Based Enzyme Models 433
Giovanna Ghirlanda, Leonard J. Prins, and Paolo Scrimin
10.1 Introduction 433
10.2 Peptide Models of Hydrolytic Enzymes 434
10.3 Peptide Models of Heme Proteins 456
10.4 Conclusions 467
References 467
11 Substrate Recognition 473
Keith Brocklehurst, Sheraz Gul, and Richard W. Pickersgill
11.1 Recognition, Specificity, Catalysis, Inhibition, and Linguistics 473
11.2 Serine Proteinases 476
11.3 Cysteine Proteinases 480
11.4 Glycoside Hydrolases 485
11.5 Protein Kinases 488
11.6 aaRSs 490
11.7 Lipases 492
11.8 Conclusions 493
References 494
12 Protein Recognition 505
Robyn E. Mansfield, Arwen J. Cross, Jacqueline M. Matthews, and Joel P. Mackay
12.1 General Introduction 505
12.2 Nature of Protein Interfaces 506
12.3 Affinity of Protein Interactions 509
12.4 Measuring Protein Interactions 512
12.5 Coupled Folding and Binding 515
12.6 Regulation of Interactions by PTMs 519
12.7 Engineering and Inhibiting Protein-Protein Interactions 521
12.8 Conclusions 527
References 527
13 Mammalian Peptide Hormones: Biosynthesis and Inhibition 533
Karen Brand and Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
13.1 Introduction 533
13.2 Mammalian Peptide Hormones 534
13.3 Biosynthesis of Peptide Hormones 535
13.4 Inhibition of Biosynthesis 555
13.5 Conclusions 565
References 565
14 Insect Peptide Hormones 575
R. Elwyn Isaac and Neil Audsley
14.1 Introduction 575
14.2 Structure and Biosynthesis of Insect Peptide Hormones 576
14.3 Proctolin 578
14.4 Sex Peptide 580
14.5 A-Type Allatostatins 582
14.6 CRF-Related Diuretic Hormones (DH) 584
14.7 Insect Peptide Hormones and Insect Control 586
14.8 Conclusions 589
References 590
15 Plant Peptide Signals 597
Javier Narvaez-Vasquez, Martha L. Orozco-Cardenas, and Gregory Pearce
15.1 Introduction 597
15.2 Defense-Related Peptides 599
15.3 Peptides Involved in Growth and Development 605
15.4 Peptides Involved in Self-Recognition 615
15.5 Methods in Plant Regulatory Peptide Research 616
15.6 Conclusions 623
References 624
16 Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis 631
Sean Doyle
16.1 Introduction 631
16.2 NRPs 632
16.3 NRP Synthetase Domains 635
16.4 PPTases 639
16.5 Experimental Strategies for NRPS Investigations 642
16.6 Non-NRPS 649
16.7 Conclusions 650
References 650
Index 657
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