CiNii Books - Carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock

Filling the need for an up-to-date handbook, this ready reference closely investigates the use of CO2 for ureas, enzymes, carbamates, and isocyanates, as well as its use as a solvent, in electrochemistry, biomass utilization and much more. Edited by an internationally renowned and experienced researcher, this is a comprehensive source for every synthetic chemist in academia and industry.

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Preface CARBON DIOXIDE: UTILIZATION OPTIONS TO REDUCE IST ACCUMULATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE Carbon Dioxide Emission The Accumulation of CO2 in the Atmosphere, and the Effects that We Fear Technologies to Reduce CO2 Accumulation in the Atmosphere The Utilization of CO2 CO2: Sources and Prices The Potential for CO2 Utilization, and the Content of This Book The Need for Research to Speed an Exploitation of the Utilization Option UTILIZATION OF DENSE CARBON DIOXIDE AS AN INERT SOLVENT FOR CHEMICAL SYNTHESES Introduction Dense Carbon Dioxide as Solvent Medium for Chemical Processes Enzymatic Catalysis in Dense Carbon Dioxide Other Reactions in Dense Carbon Dioxide Polymer Synthesis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Conclusions AUTOTROPHIC CARBON FIXATION IN BIOLOGY: PATHWAYS, RULES, AND SPECULATIONS Introduction The Mechanisms of CO2 Fixation Rules to Explain the Diversity Evolutionary Aspects Chemical Aspects of CO2 Fixation CARBON DIOXIDE COORDINATION CHEMISTRY AND REACTIVITY OF COORDINATED CO2 Introduction Carbon Dioxide Bonding to Metals Synthesis and Structure of CO2 Complexes Reactivity of CO2 Complexes CO2 Complexes as Reaction Intermediates in CO2 Utilization Processes Conclusions MAIN GROUP ELEMENT- AND TRANSITION METAL-PROMOTED CARBOXYLATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTRATES (ALKANES, ALKENES, ALKYNES, AROMATICS, AND OTHERS) Introduction Formation of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids: The Kolbe-Schmitt Synthesis Reactive Organometallic Derivatives in the Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids Palladium (0)-Catalyzed Telomerization of Butadiene with CO2: Synthesis of Delta-Lactone THE CHEMISTRY OF N-CO2 BONDS: SYNTHESIS OF CARBAMIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES, ISOCYANATES, AND UREAS Introduction Synthesis of Carbamic Acids and Alkylammonium Carbamates Synthesis of Carbamate Esters Synthesis of Isocyanates Synthesis of Ureas Conclusions SYNTHESIS OF LINEAR AND CYCLIC CARBONATES Introduction Acyclic Organic Carbonates Synthesis of Organic Cyclic Carbonates Transesterification Reactions POLYMERS FROM CARBON DIOXIDE: POLYCARBONATES, POLYTHIOCARBONATES, AND POLYURETHANES Introduction Historical Perspective Metal Catalysts for the Copolymerization of Epoxides and CO2 Metal Catalysts for the Copolymerization of Oxetanes and CO2 Physical Methods for the Characterization of Copolymers Produced from Epoxides or Oxetane and Carbion Dioxide Copolymer Isolation and Catalyst Recycling Copolymerization of Carbon Disulfide and Epoxide and Episulfide Copolymers from Aziridines and Carbon Dioxide Concluding Remarks IN-SITU OF CARBON DEPOSITION DURING CO2 REFORMING OF METHANE FOR SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTION, USING THE TAPERED ELEMENT OSCILLATIN MICROBALANCE Introduction Thermodynamic Analysis of Carbon Formation from CH4 or CO Thermodynamic Analysis of Carbon Formation in CO2 Reforming of Methane TEOM Analysis of Carbon Formation in CO2 Reforming TEM Analysis on Carbon Formed on Catalysts After CO2 Reforming of Methane Kinetic Study of Carbon Formation on Pch4 and Pco in CO2 Reforming H2O Effect on Carbon Formation in CO2 Reforming Conclusions UTILIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE THROUGH NONTHERMAL PLASMA APPROACHES Introduction Nonthermal Plasma Phenomena CO and/or H2 Production from CO2 Hydrocarbons Synthesis from CO2 Oxygenates Synthesis from CO2 Combination of Plasma with Catalyst Summary PHOTOCHEMICAL, ELECTROCHEMICAL, AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE Introduction Homogeneous Photochemical Reduction Electrochemical Reduction Semiconductor Systems for Reduction Concluding Remarks and Future Directions RECENT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL CARBOXYLATION BASED ON CARBON DIOXIDE Introduction Electrocarboxylation The Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide in Protic Media (Water and Alcohols) INDIRECT UTILIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE: UTILIZATION OFTERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC BIOMASS Introduction The Natural Carbon Cycle The Utilization of Terrestrial Biomass The First-Generation Biofuels The New Generations of Biofuels Implementation of the Biorefinery Concept Concluding Remarks FIXATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE INTO INORGANIC CARBONATES: THE NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL "WEATHERING OF SILICATES" Introduction: Inorganic Carbonate Uses and Natural Resources Natural Fixation of CO2 in Carbonates Process Routes to Valuable Carbonate Products Mineral Carbonation for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Other Carbonate Production Processes and Applications

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Carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock

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