Ship's surgeons of the Dutch East India Company : commerce and the progress of medicine in the eighteenth century

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Ship's surgeons of the Dutch East India Company : commerce and the progress of medicine in the eighteenth century

Iris Bruijn

Leiden University Press, c2009

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注記

Includes bibliographical references (p. 315-337) and indexes

内容説明・目次

内容説明

The ship's surgeons in the employ of the Dutch East India Company were responsible for the healthcare on board the ships and in the hospitals founded by the Company in a vast geographical area expanding from South Africa to Japan. They were not highly regarded by their contemporaries, who criticised them for being little more than barbers or loblolly boys. The author of this fascinating study paints the true picture of the profession, drawing on her analysis of data for some 3,000 ship's surgeons in the Company's service, and including the recruitment policy of the Company, the career of the surgeons, their geographical origins, their life expectancy, to mention but a few. The results of her analysis, based on many hitherto unpublished sources, show this negative image to be a myth. The surgeons were, as a rule, fairly well educated according to the standards of their time. The tragic fact that they were confronted with diseases unknown in Europe and incurable at the time contributed to the sailors' and the society's dismissive attitude to their skills.

目次

List of tables, graphs and maps - 10 Acknowledgements - 14 Introduction: Coping with a black legend - 16 1. The surgeon's tale: The development of surgery - 24 The development of medicine - 26 The emergence of medical schools and its relation to surgery - 28 Changing charity - 29 The rise of the surgeons - 30 Progress in medicine and surgery - 33 Developments in the Netherlands - 34 Medical regulations - 36 Surgeon's guilds in the Republic - 38 The career of a surgeon - 46 Concluding remarks - 48 2. The world of the East India Company surgeon - 50 The origins of maritime medicine - 50 The medical impact of the Iberian long-distance voyages - 52 The English long-distance experience - 55 The seafaring activities of the Dutch - 58 The Company's medical service - 60 Employment qualifications - 59 The Company's medical service - 60 Employment qualifications - 61 Ship's surgeon's duties - 66 Medical chest and treatment - 68 Instruments - 70 Surgeon's log - 72 The ship's surgeon's patients - 72 Living conditions on board - 74 Mortality - 75 Dysentery - 77 Scurvy - 78 Beriberi - 80 Fevers and typhus - 81 Malaria - 81 Other East India companies - 82 Some speculations on treatment and causes of diseases - 83 Concluding remarks - 84 3. The medical service of the Dutch East IndiaCompany - 86 The Company and its medical staff in the Dutch Republic - 88 The Company's medical policy - 92 Hospital ships - 95 Medical provisions in Asia: A 'modern' institution? - 96 The head of surgery - 98 The City Hospital of Batavia (Binnenhospitaal) - 99 The surgeons in Batavia - 102 At Batavia Castle - 104 Medicines in Batavia - 104 Failed attempts at schooling - 106 City Surgeon and City Physician - 107 The Poor House and Orphanage (the Parish Relief Board) - 108 The Lepers' Hospital - 109 Chinese Hospital - 110 Medical provisions at the other settlements - 111 The Cape of Good Hope and Ceylon - 113 The crisis of the eighteenth century - 114 The Outer Hospital (Buitenhospitaal) - 116 Tjipannas Spa (1744-1761) - 117 The Moorish Hospital (1751-1785) - 118 Proposals for improving Batavia's health - 118 Concluding remarks - 122 4. The geographic origin of the Company's surgeons - 126 The economy of the Dutch Republic - 129 The population of the Dutch Republic - 131 Labour migration streams - 132 Maritime recruitment - 135 Dutch recruitment - 143 Recruitment from other areas - 162 Discussion and conclusion - 164 5. The career of the Company surgeons - 170 Social origins - 171 The Company: A refuge for drop-outs? - 173 Education - 174 Average age - 179 Social networks and private trading - 189 Climbing the ladder via promotions - 191 Soldiers and surgeons - 197 Life span and mortality - 198 Malaria - 204 After service - 206 Conclusion - 208 6. 'Great expectations'! - 210 The laws of inheritance - 215 The deeds - 216 The law in Asia - 218 Deeds of surgeons in Batavia - 220 Marriage - 223 Slaves - 225 An advantageous marriage? - 227 Rich or poor - 228 The funeral - 230 Books - 231 The surgeon-trader - 236 Concluding observations - 243 Conclusion: The surgeon's legacy - 246 Appendices - 258 Appendix 1. Methods, statistical account, graphs and tables pertaining to chapters 4-6 - 260 The sample (S) - 260 Baptismal records and surgeon's guilds - 264 The database - 266 Financial books - 267 Appendix 2. Maps - 284 Appendix 3. Notaries used by the Company's surgeons in Batavia 1600-18006 - 306 Appendix 4. Ship's surgeons who died on board and whose collection of books is listed - 308 Appendix 5. Ship's surgeons who died on board and were in the possession of instruments - 310 Archives and bibliography - 316 Bibliography - 317 Notes - 340 Notes to Introduction - 340 Notes to Chapter 1 - 341 Notes to Chapter 2 - 346 Notes to Chapter 3 - 354 Notes to Chapter 4 - 360 Notes

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