Writing arguments : a rhetoric with readings

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書誌事項

Writing arguments : a rhetoric with readings

John D. Ramage, John C. Bean, June Johnson

Longman, c2010

Concise ed., 5th ed

  • : pbk

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注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

The market leader in argumentative rhetorics, Writing Arguments has proven highly successful in teaching students to read arguments critically and to produce effective arguments of their own. With its student-friendly tone, clear explanations, high-interest readings and examples, and well-sequenced critical thinking and writing assignments, Writing Arguments offers a time-tested approach to argument that is interesting and accessible to students and eminently teachable for instructors.

目次

Preface Part One Overview of Argument Chapter 1 Argument: An Introduction What Do We Mean by Argument? Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit Louis W. Sullivan, M.D., Let the Facts Decide, Not Fear The Defining Features of Argument Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims Argument Is Both a Process and a Product Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion Argument and the Problem of Truth Chapter 2 Argument as Inquiry: Reading and Exploring Finding Issues to Explore Do Some Initial Brainstorming Be Open to the Issues All Around You Explore Ideas by Freewriting Explore Ideas by Idea-Mapping Explore Ideas by Playing the Believing and Doubting Game Placing Texts in a Rhetorical Context Genres of Argument Cultural Contexts: Who Writes Arguments and Why? Analyzing Rhetorical Context and Genre Reading to Believe an Argument's Claims John Kavanaugh, Amnesty? Summary Writing as a Way of Reading to Believe Practicing Believing: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer's Views Reading to Doubt Thinking Dialectically Questions to Stimulate Dialectic Thinking Fred Reed, Why Blame Mexico? Three Ways to Foster Dialectic Thinking Writing Assignment: An Argument Summary or Formal Exploratory Essay Reading Michael Banks, Should the United States Grant Legal Status to Undocumented Immigrant Workers? Part Two Writing Arguments Chapter 3 The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons The Classical Structure of Argument Classical Appeals and the Rhetorical Triangle Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument Difference between an Issue Question and an Information Question How to Identify an Issue Question Difference between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument Pseudo-Arguments: Fanatical Believers and Fanatical Skeptics Another Source of Pseudo-Arguments: Lack of Shared Assumptions Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons What Is a Reason? Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses Writing Assignment: An Issue Question and Working Thesis Statements Chapter 4 The Logical Structure of Arguments An Overview of Logos: What Do We Mean by the "Logical Structure" of an Argument? Formal Logic Versus Real World Logic The Role of Assumptions The Core of an Argument: The Enthymeme Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System Using Toulmin's Schema to Determine a Strategy of Support The Power of Audience-Based Reasons Writing Assignment: Plan for the Details of an Argument Chapter 5 Using Evidence Effectively The Persuasive Use of Evidence Apply the STAR Criteria to Evidence Use Sources That Your Reader Trusts Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence Kinds of Evidence Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence Examining Visual Arguments: Angle of Vision Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence Gathering Evidence Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence Gathering Data from Interviews Gathering Data from Surveys or Questionnaires Writing Assignment: A Microtheme or "Supporting Reasons" Argument Carmen Tieu (student),"Why Violent Video Games Are Good for Girls" Chapter 6 Moving Your Audience: Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos Ethos and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Belief and Emotions Use Concrete Language Use Specific Examples and Illustrations Use Narratives Choose Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations Use Images for Emotional Appeal Examining Visual Arguments: Appeals to Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos Kairos: The Timeliness and Fitness of Arguments How Audience-Based Reasons Enhance Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Writing Assignment: Revising a Draft for Ethos, Pathos, and Audience-Based Reasons Chapter 7 Responding to Objections and Alternative Views One-Sided, Multisided, and Dialogic Arguments Determining Your Audience's Resistance to Your Views Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-Sided Argument Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument Summarizing Opposing Views Refuting Opposing Views Strategies for Rebutting Evidence Conceding to Opposing Views Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Dialogic Argument Delayed-Thesis Argument Ellen Goodman, Minneapolis Pornography Ordinance Rogerian Argument Writing Assignment: A Classical Argument or a Dialogic Argument Aimed at Conciliation Readings David Langley (student), "Half-Criminals" or Urban Athletes: A Plea for Fair Treatment of Skateboarders (A Classical Argument) Rebekah Taylor (student), A Letter to Jim (A Rogerian Argument) Part 3 Analyzing Arguments Chapter 8 Analyzing Arguments Rhetorically Questions for Rhetorical Analysis An Illustration of Rhetorical Analysis Kathryn Jean Lopez, Egg Heads A Rhetorical Analysis of "Egg Heads" Writing Assignment: A Rhetorical Analysis Generating Ideas for Your Rhetorical Analysis Organizing Your Rhetorical Analysis Readings Ellen Goodman, Womb for Rent-for a Price Zachary Stumps (student), A Rhetorical Analysis of Ellen Goodman's "Wombs for Rent-for a Price" Chapter 9 Analyzing Visual Arguments Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument The Components of Visual Design An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Images The Genres of Visual Argument Posters and Fliers Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements Cartoons Web Pages Constructing Your Own Visual Argument Using Information Graphics in Arguments How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories Using a Graph to Tell a Story Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument Writing Assignment: A Visual Argument Rhetorical Analysis, a Poster Argument, or a Microtheme Using Quantitative Graphics Part 4 Arguments in Depth: Five Types of Claims Chapter 10 An Introduction to the Types of Claims An Overview of the Types of Claims 000 Using Claim Types to Focus an Argument and Generate Ideas: An Example Making the Lasik Argument to Parents Making the Lasik Argument to Insurance Companies Hybrid Arguments: How Claim Types Work Together in Arguments Some Examples of Hybrid Arguments An Extended Example of a Hybrid Argument Aaron Friedman, "All That Noise for Nothing" Chapter 11 Definitional Arguments An Overview of Arguments about Definition The Rule of Justice: Things in the Same Category Should Be Treated the Same Way Types of Definitional Arguments 000 Examining Visual Arguments: A Definitional Claim The Criteria-Match Structure of Definitional Arguments Developing the Criteria-Match Structure for a Definitional Argument Toulmin Framework for a Definitional Argument Kinds of Definitions Aristotelian Definitions Operational Definitions Conducting the Criteria Part of a Definitional Argument Approach 1: Research How Others Have Defined the Term Approach 2: Create Your Own Extended Definition Conducting the Match Part of a Definitional Argument Writing Assignment: A Definitional Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What's at Stake Organizing a Definitional Argument Questioning and Critiquing a Definitional Argument Reading Kathy Sullivan (student), Oncore, Obscenity, and the Liquor Control Board Chapter 12 Causal Arguments An Overview of Causal Arguments Kinds of Causal Arguments Toulmin Framework for a Causal Argument Examining Visual Arguments: A Causal Claim Two Methods for Arguing That One Event Causes Another First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly Second Method: Infer Causal Links Using Inductive Reasoning Glossary of Terms Encountered in Causal Arguments Writing Assignment: A Causal Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What's at Stake Organizing a Causal Argument Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument Reading Julee Christianson (student), "Why Lawrence Summers Was Wrong" (APA-Format Research Paper) Chapter 13 Resemblance Arguments An Overview of Resemblance Arguments Toulmin Framework for a Resemblance Argument Arguments by Analogy Using Undeveloped Analogies Using Extended Analogies Examining Visual Arguments: A Resemblance Claim Arguments by Precedent Writing Assignment: A Resemblance Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What's at Stake Organizing a Resemblance Argument Questioning and Critiquing a Resemblance Argument Readings Megan Matthews (student), Whales Need Silence Clay Bennett, Just Emancipated (editorial cartoon) Beth Reis, Toon Offensive Chapter 14 Evaluation and Ethical Arguments An Overview of Evaluation Arguments Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations Toulmin Framework for an Evaluation Argument Conducting a Categorical Evaluation Argument Developing Your Criteria Making Your Match Argument Examining Visual Arguments: An Evaluation Claim An Overview of Ethical Arguments Major Ethical Systems Consequences as the Base of Ethics Principles as the Base of Ethics Conducting an Ethical Argument Constructing a Principles-Based Argument Constructing a Consequences-Based Argument Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments Writing Assignment: An Evaluation or Ethical Argument Exploring Ideas Organizing an Evaluation Argument Revising Your Draft Questioning and Critiquing an Evaluation Argument Critiquing an Ethical Argument Readings Sam Isaacson (student), Would Legalizing Gay Marriage Be Good for the Gay Community? David Holcberg, Human Organs for Sale? Chapter 15 Proposal Arguments An Overview of Proposal Arguments The Structure of Proposal Arguments Toulmin Framework for a Proposal Argument Special Concerns for Proposal Arguments Developing a Proposal Argument Convincing Your Readers That a Problem Exists Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal The Justification: Convincing Your Readers That Your Proposal Should Be Enacted Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements Examining Visual Arguments: A Proposal Claim Using the Claim-Type Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument Using the "Stock Issues" Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument Writing Assignment: A Proposal Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What's at Stake Organizing a Proposal Argument Designing a One-Page Advocacy Advertisement Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument Readings Juan Vazquez (student), "Why the United States Should Adopt Nuclear Power" (MLA-format research paper) Appendix One Informal Fallacies Fallacies of Pathos Fallacies of Ethos Fallacies of Logos Appendix Two A Concise Guide to Finding, Evaluating, and Documenting Sources Finding Print Articles: Searching a Licensed Database What Is a Licensed Database? Illustration of a Database Search Finding Cyberspace Sources: Searching the World Wide Web Evaluating Sources Angle of Vision Degree of Advocacy Reliability Credibility Evaluating Web Sites Analyzing the Purpose of a Site and Your Own Research Purpose Sorting Sites by Domain Type Evaluating a Web Site Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism Using Sources for Your Own Purposes Avoiding Plagiarism Citing Sources in Your Text in MLA Style Documenting Sources in a "Works Cited" List (MLA) MLA Quick Reference Guide for the Most Common Citations Formatting an Academic Paper in MLA Style Student Example of an MLA-Style Research Paper Citing Sources in Your Text in APA Style Documenting Sources in a "References" List (APA) APA Quick Reference Guide for the Most Common Citations Student Example of an APA-Style Research Paper Credits Index

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