Statistics for social workers

著者

• Weinbach, Robert W.
• Grinnell, Richard M.

書誌事項

Statistics for social workers

Robert W. Weinbach, Richard M. Grinnell, Jr

Allyn & Bacon, c2010

8th ed

• : pbk

注記

Includes index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Now in its eighth edition, this widely used text covers the types of statistical analyses that are most likely to be encountered by social work practitioners and researchers. It requires no prior knowledge of statistics and only basic mathematical competence.

目次

Preface 1 Introduction USE OF STATISTICS METHODOLOGICAL TERMS Data Information Variables and Constants Conceptualization Operationalization Reliability Validity RESEARCH HYPOTHESES Three Forms of Research Hypotheses Causal and Non-causal Research Hypotheses Independent and Dependent Variables MEASUREMENT LEVELS Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio MEASUREMENT LEVELS AND DATA ANALYSIS ADDITIONAL MEASUREMENT CLASSIFICATIONS Discrete and Continuous Variables Dichotomous, Binary, and Dummy Variables CATEGORIES OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES Number of Variables in an Analysis Primary Purpose of the Analysis CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 2 Frequency Distributions and Graphs FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Absolute Frequency Distributions Cumulative Frequency Distributions Percentage Frequency Distributions Cumulative Percentage Frequency Distributions GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS USING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS TO ANALYZE DATA MISREPRESENTATION OF DATA GRAPHS Bar Graphs and Line Diagrams Pie Charts Histograms Frequency Polygons Stem-and-Leaf Plots A COMMON MISTAKE IN DISPLAYING DATA CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 3 Measures of Central Tendency and Variability MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY The Mode The Median The Mean Which Measure of Central Tendency to Use? MEASURES OF VARIABILITY The Range The Interquartile Range The Mean Deviation Variance Standard Deviation Reporting Measures of Variability OTHER USES FOR CENTRAL TENDENCY AND VARIABILITY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 4 Normal Distributions SKEWNESS KURTOSIS NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS CONVERTING RAW SCORES TO Z SCORES AND PERCENTILES Practical Uses of z Scores DERIVING RAW SCORES FROM PERCENTILES CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 5 Hypothesis Testing: Basic Principles ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS FOR RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN SAMPLES Rival Hypotheses Research Design Flaws Sampling Error PROBABILITY AND INFERENCE REFUTING SAMPLING ERROR Replication Statistical Analyses STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE p values Rejection Levels (Alpha) ERRORS IN DRAWING CONCLUSIONS ABOUT RELATIONSHIPS Avoiding Type I Errors Avoiding Type II Errors STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS AND MEANINGFUL FINDINGS More about Effect Size Is the Relationship Valuable? Complex Interpretations of Statistically Significant Relationships THE PROCESS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 6 Sampling Distributions, Rejection Regions, and Statistical Test Selection SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING ERROR SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS AND INFERENCE Comparing an Experimental Sample with Its Population Comparing a Non-Experimental Sample with Its Population SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF MEANS Samples Drawn from Normal Distributions Samples Drawn from Skewed Distributions ESTIMATING PARAMETERS Constructing a 95 Percent Confidence Interval Constructing a 99 Percent Confidence Interval SELECTING A STATISTICAL TEST The Importance of Selecting the Correct Test Factors to Consider in Selecting the Correct Test PARAMETRIC AND NONPARAMETRIC TESTS MULTIVARIATE TESTS DECIDING WHICH TEST TO USE More about Getting Help CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 7 t Tests and Analysis of Variance THE USE OF t TESTS Misuse of t THE ONE-SAMPLE t TEST Determining If a Sample Is Representative Seeking Support for a Research Hypothesis Presentation of Findings A Nonparametric Alternative: Chi-Square Goodness of Fit THE DEPENDENT t TEST Use with Two Connected (or Matched) Samples Measured Once Use with One Sample Measured Twice A Nonparametric Alternative: Wilcoxon Sign THE INDEPENDENT t TEST Nonparametric Alternatives: U and K-S A Multivariate Alternative: T2 SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (SIMPLE ANOVA) Additional Data Analyses A Nonparametric Alternative: Kruskal-Wallis MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 8 The Chi-square Test of Association Between Variables WHEN CHI-SQUARE IS APPROPRIATE CROSS-TABULATION TABLES Degrees of Freedom Using Chi-Square Presentation of Findings Interpreting the Results of a Chi-Square Analysis Meaningfulness and Sample Size Restrictions on the Use of Chi-Square An Alternative: Fisher's Exact Test Using Chi-Square in Social Work Practice CROSS TABULATION WITH THREE OR MORE VARIABLES Problems with Sizes of Expected Frequencies Effects of Introducing Additional Variables SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE CHI-SQUARE FORMULA McNemar's Test The Median Test CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 9 Correlation Analyses USES OF CORRELATION SCATTERGRAMS PERFECT CORRELATIONS NONPERFECT CORRELATIONS INTERPRETING LINEAR CORRELATIONS Understanding Correlation Coefficients Very Strong Correlations Remember,Correlation Is Not Causation! Using Correlation For Inference PEARSON'S r Computation and Presentation NONPARAMETRIC ALTERNATIVES Spearman's Rho and Kendall's Tau CORRELATION WITH THREE OR MORE VARIABLES Partial r Multiple R Variations of Multiple R OTHER MULTIVARIATE TESTS THAT USE CORRELATION Factor Analysis Cluster Analysis CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 10 Regression Analyses PREDICTION AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE PREDICTION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WHAT IS SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION? Research Questions in Simple Linear Regression Limitations of Simple Linear Regression COMPUTATION OF THE REGRESSION EQUATION MORE ABOUT THE REGRESSION LINE The Least-Squares Criterion Interchanging X and Y Variables INTERPRETING RESULTS Presentation of Y ? The Standard Error Using Regression in Social Work Practice REGRESSION WITH THREE OR MORE VARIABLES Options for Entering Variables OTHER TYPES OF REGRESSION ANALYSES Discriminant Analysis Logistic Regression CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS 11Other Ways that Statistical Analyses Contribute to Evidence-Based Practice META-ANALYSIS ANSWERS SOUGHT IN PROGRAM EVALUATIONS NEEDS ASSESSMENTS AND FORMATIVE EVALUATIONS OUTCOME EVALUATIONS Hypothesis Testing in Outcome Evaluations Statistical Analyses of Outcome Evaluation Data ANSWERS SOUGHT IN SINGLE-SYSTEM RESEARCH Hypothesis Testing in Single-System Research Statistical Analyses of Single-System Data Using Familiar Statistical Tests Two Other Popular Tests CONCLUDING THOUGHTS STUDY QUESTIONS Appendix A Beginning to Select a Statistical Test Glossary Index

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BB05137058
• ISBN:
  • 9780205739875
• LCCN: 2009017975
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: Boston ; Tokyo
• ページ数/冊数: xiv, 298 p.
• 大きさ: 24 cm
• 分類:
  • LCC : HA29
  • DC22 : 519.5024/362
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Social sciences -- Statistical methods
  • LCSH : Social service -- Statistical methods
  • LCSH : Statistics