Philosophical conversations

著者

書誌事項

Philosophical conversations

Robert M. Martin

Broadview Press, c2006

  • : pbk

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注記

Includes bibliographical references

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Philosophical Conversations is a light, informal, and contemporary introduction to the study of philosophy. Using a dialogue format, Robert M. Martin delves into the traditional questions of philosophy in a manner that readers will find engaging. These substantive yet entertaining conversations emphasize that philosophical questions are contested and open-ended. The characters in each dialogue advocate different answers to questions on religion, ethics, personal identity, and other topics equitably and without naming any clear winners. Philosophic positions are presented with maximum clarity and persuasiveness, so that readers can appreciate all sides of an issue and make their own choices. An excellent tool for newcomers to philosophy, Philosophical Conversations provides the necessary background for further study while vividly portraying the back-and-forth argument that is essential to the philosophical method.

目次

  • Acknowledgements Introduction Philosophy How to Study Philosophy Arguments Notes on "Suggested Readings" Sections Conversation I: Philosophy of Religion Participants: RATIONALIST * ATHEIST * COSMOLOGIST * BIOLOGIST * PRAGMATIST * PSYCHOLOGIST * FIDEIST * SYMBOLIST * MYSTIC The First-Cause Argument The Argument from Design The Ontological Argument The Argument from Morality The Pragmatic Argument Pascal's Wager The Burden of Proof The Argument from History The Argument from Psychology The Argument from the Existence of Evil Life After Death Fideism Symbolism Mysticism Suggested Readings Conversation II: Social Philosophy Participants: SCEPTIC * LEGALIST * CONTRACTARIAN * MORALIST * BIOLOGIST * COMMUNITARIAN * INDIVIDUALIST * COMMUNIST * LIBERTARIAN * INTERVENTIONIST * FEMINIST * EGALITARIAN The Question The Tragedy of the Commons and the Prisoner's Dilemma The Social Contract Enforcement of the Contract A Moral Answer A Biological Answer Communitarianism Communism Socialism, Fascism, Nazism Libertarianism Interventionism Equality Justice Suggested Readings Conversation III: Ethics Participants: SCEPTIC * UTILITARIAN * DEONTOLOGIST * RIGHTS-THEORIST * KANTIAN * SUBJECTIVIST * RELATIVIST A Question Hedonism Utilitarianism Objections to Utilitarianism Doing and Not Doing Admiral Byng Rights Using People The Categorical Imperative The Motivation Question Ethical Knowledge Ethical Subjectivism The Weirdness of Ethical Characteristics Relativism Suggested Readings Conversation IV: Mind and Body Participants: SCEPTIC * DUALIST * IDENTITY THEORIST * ELIMINATIVIST * BEHAVIOURIST Materialism The Science Argument Is Dualism Obvious? The Differences Between the Mental and the Physical Introspection and Infallibility Recognizing the Mental vs. Recognizing the Physical Interaction Eliminative Materialism The Problem of Other Minds Behaviourism Could a Machine Think? Instinct and Learning
  • Unpredictability Creativity The Turing Test Deep Blue and the Sphex Wasp The Chinese Room Suggested Readings Conversation V: Determinism, Free Will, and Punishment Participants: IDENTITY THEORIST * SCEPTIC * DETERMINIST * FATALIST * MATHEMATICIAN * PHYSICIST * INDETERMINIST * HARD DETERMINIST * SOFT DETERMINIST * UTILITARIAN * RETRIBUTIVIST * PSYCHOLOGIST Determinism Cause Fatalism Predictability Is there Evidence for Determinism? Quantum Indeterminacy Free Will The Incompatibility of Responsibility and Determinism Soft Determinism The Function of Praise and Blame Randomness and Freedom Utilitarian Justifications of Punishment Retributivism Suggested Readings Conversation VI: Knowledge Participants: SCEPTIC * DEFINER * CARTESIAN * FALLIBILIST * EMPIRICIST * RATIONALIST The Definition of 'Knowledge' Certainty and Fallibility Certainty and Probability Probable Beliefs and the Lottery Paradox Gettier Problems Empiricism and Rationalism: Concepts Innateness and Language Empiricism and Rationalism: Judgements Analytic and Synthetic Judgements Synthetic A Priori Judgements Scepticism: Perception The Brain in the Vat Scepticism: The Five-Minute Hypothesis Scepticism: The Problem of Induction Suggested Readings Conversation VII: Identity
  • Meaning Participants: SCEPTIC * CARTESIAN * EMPIRICIST * RATIONALIST * ANTIREALIST * INTERNALIST * REFERENTIALIST * SPEECH-ACT THEORIST Life After Death Again Continuing Mental Substance Criticisms of the Substance Theories The Mysterious Boat Relationism Some Strange Cases The Real Route 22 Meaning Empiricism Meaning Internalism Meaning as Reference Meaning as Use Meanings and Intentions Meanings and Conventions Suggested Readings Epilogue: Quotations from Bertrand Russell Glossary Workbook

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