CiNii Books - Introduction to infrastructure : an introduction to civil and environmental engineering

Introduction to Infrastructure: An Introduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering breaks new ground in preparing civil and environmental engineers to meet the challenges of the 21st century. The authors use the infrastructure that is all around us to introduce students to civil and environmental engineering, demonstrating how all the parts of civil and environmental engineering are interrelated to help students see the "big picture" in the first or second year of the curriculum. Students learn not only the what of the infrastructure, but also the how and the why of the infrastructure. Readers learn the infrastructure is a system of interrelated physical components, and how those components affect, and are affected by, society, politics, economics, and the environment. Studying infrastructure allows educators and students to develop a valuable link between fundamental knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge, so students may translate their knowledge to new contexts. The authors' implementation of modern learning pedagogy (learning objectives, concrete examples and cases, and hundreds of photos and illustrations), and chapters that map well to the ABET accreditation requirements AND the ASCE Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge 2nd edition (with recommendations for using this text in a 1, 2, or 3 hour course) make this text a key part of any civil and/or environmental engineering curriculum.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction to Infrastructure and Careers in Civil and Environmental Engineering 1 Introduction 1 The Prevalence of Infrastructure 3 Infrastructure Systems 5 Funding Infrastructure 6 Sustainability 7 The Civil and Environmental Engineering Professions 9 Construction 9 Environmental 10 Geotechnical 10 Structural 10 Transportation 10 Water Resources 10 Integration with Other Professions 11 Integration with the Public 12 Professional Issues 13 Licensure 13 Graduate Degrees 14 Life-Long Learning 14 Teamwork and Leadership 15 The Future of Civil and Environmental Engineering 16 Employment Opportunities 17 About This Book 17 2 The Natural Environment 20 Introduction 20 Hydrologic Cycle and Hydrologic Budget 21 Watersheds 25 Rivers 26 Habitat/Native Species 28 Wetlands 28 Geologic Formations 29 Groundwater 33 Atmosphere 35 Climate Change 35 3 Structural Infrastructure 40 Prelude to Chapters 3 through 5 40 Introduction 41 Foundations 42 Skyscrapers 43 Schools (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 44 Bridges (ASCE 2009 Grade: C) 44 Dams (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 48 Levees and Floodwalls (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 50 Retaining walls 53 4 Transportation Infrastructure 57 Introduction 57 Roads (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 58 Intersections and Interchanges 61 Parking 63 Traffic Congestion Relief 65 Mass Transit (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 65 Non-Motorized Transportation 69 Aviation (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 70 Waterways (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 71 Ports 72 Locks 72 Tunnels 73 Rail (ASCE 2009 Grade: C-) 75 5 Environmental and Energy Infrastructure 79 Introduction 79 Energy (ASCE 2009 Grade: D+) 80 Energy Sources 80 Energy Transport 80 Energy Generation 80 Distribution 82 Drinking Water (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 82 Sources and Demand 83 Storage 83 Conveyance 84 Treatment 84 Distribution 85 Wastewater (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 86 Sources 87 Conveyance 87 Treatment 89 Discharge 90 Stormwater 90 Collection and Conveyance 90 Culverts 91 Storage 92 Treatment 93 Parks and Recreation (ASCE 2009 Grade: C-) 95 Solid Waste (ASCE 2009 Grade: C+) 97 Collection 97 Transfer 97 Recycling and Reuse 98 Composting 99 Landfills 99 Incinerators 100 Hazardous Waste (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 101 Superfund 101 Brownfields 101 6 Construction Sites 104 Introduction 104 Security 105 Staging Areas 105 Equipment 105 Trailers and Storage Containers 105 Cranes 106 Excavators 106 Bulldozers 107 Loaders 107 Skidsteers 108 Dump Trucks 109 Earthmovers 109 Lifts 110 Blasting Equipment 110 Piledrivers 111 Dewatering 111 Ready-Mix Concrete Trucks 112 Concrete Pumping 112 Concrete Forms 112 Falsework 113 Utilities 114 Erosion Control 115 7 Infrastructure Systems 120 Introduction 120 Systems Overview 123 Infrastructure Components as Systems 126 Intra-Sector Systems 126 Inter-Sector Systems 128 The ''Big Picture'' System 131 8 History, Heritage, and Future 137 Introduction 137 Themes 140 Transportation 141 Roads 141 Canals 143 Bridges 145 Water Distribution and Treatment 147 Water Distribution 147 Water Treatment 149 Wastewater Conveyance and Treatment 150 Wastewater Conveyance 150 Wastewater Treatment 151 And Then There Was More. . . 151 The Future 151 9 Analysis Fundamentals 156 Introduction 156 The Nature of Analysis 158 The Analysis Process 159 Case Study: Creation of the Rational Method 165 Analysis Applications 167 Construction Engineering Analysis Application-Gantt Charts 167 Environmental/Water Resources Engineering Analysis Application-Open Channels 168 Geotechnical Engineering Analysis Application-Soil Size Analysis 170 Municipal Engineering Analysis Application-Stormwater Runoff 173 Structural Engineering Analysis Application-Tension and Compression in Beams 174 Transportation Engineering Analysis Application-Pavement Analysis 176 10 Design Fundamentals 181 Introduction 181 The Design Process 182 Problem (Need) Identification 183 Collection of Background Information 184 Development of Alternative Designs 185 Evaluation of Designs 186 Selection of Best Design 187 Documenting the Design 189 Implementation of Solution 189 Design Factors 190 Design Constraints 190 Regulations 190 Standards 191 Safety Factors 191 Acceptable Risk 192 Design Life 192 Case Study: Chicago River Reversal 193 Design Applications 195 Construction Engineering Design Application-Cut and Fill 195 Environmental Engineering Design Application-Septic Systems 197 Geotechnical Engineering Design Application-Footings 201 Municipal Engineering Design Application-Land Development 204 Structural Engineering Design Application-Bridges 206 Transportation Engineering Design Application-Inlet Spacing 206 11 Planning Considerations 212 Introduction 212 The Need for Planning 214 Infrastructure Planning 218 Transportation Planning 221 Land Use Planning 224 Regional Planning 227 Emergency Planning 229 Population Projections 231 12 Energy Considerations 237 Introduction 237 Background 238 Energy Trends and Predicting Demand 239 Sources of Energy 243 Environmental Impacts 244 Energy as an Infrastructure Consideration 247 Transportation Sector Energy Use 248 Buildings 249 Wastewater Treatment 250 Landfills 251 13 Sustainability Considerations 254 Introduction 254 The Needs of the World 257 Resource Demand 262 Measures of Sustainability 266 The Role of Civil and Environmental Engineers in Promoting Sustainability 267 Sustainable Design 268 Green Buildings 269 Sustainable Land Development 272 Water Reuse 272 14 Economic Considerations 277 Introduction 277 The Relationship Between Infrastructure and the Economy 279 Sources of Funds 280 Funding Local Projects 280 Funding State and Federal Projects 284 Consideration of Project Economics 286 15 Environmental Considerations 293 Introduction 293 Environmental Protection 294 Environmental Impacts 299 Land Development 299 Building Demolition 300 Wastewater Treatment 300 Highways 301 Dams 301 The Good (Bad?) Ole Days 302 Environmental Regulations 303 Environmental Complexity 305 16 Social Considerations 310 Introduction 310 Welcoming the Challenge 313 Social Impact Assessment 313 Displacement 314 Neighborhood Cohesion 315 Health 318 Environmental Justice 319 17 Ethical Considerations 324 Introduction 324 Ethics and Engineering 325 Codes of Ethics 327 Ethical Decision-Making Framework 330 Case Study 331 Corruption 333 18 Security Considerations 340 Introduction 340 Economic Impacts and Infrastructure Security 343 Critical Infrastructure 344 Designing for Failure 346 Water Security 346 Energy Security 349 Transportation Security 350 Risk Considerations 352 19 Other (No Less Important) Considerations 356 Introduction 357 Safety Considerations 357 Protecting the Public 357 Protecting Operations and Maintenance Workers 358 Protecting Construction Workers 359 Maintenance Considerations 363 Constructability Considerations 364 Aesthetic Considerations 368 Political Considerations 369 Legal Considerations 373 Torts 374 Contracts 375 Property Law 376 20 Analysis II 381 Introduction 381 Construction Engineering: Critical Path Method 382 Environmental Engineering: Air Pollution 383 Geotechnical Engineering: Katrina Floodwalls 386 Structural Engineering: Deflection of Beams 388 Transportation Engineering: Transportation Impact Study 392 21 Design II 397 Introduction 397 Construction Engineering: Concrete Mix and Formwork 398 Environmental Engineering: Primary Treatment of Wastewater 404 Geotechnical Engineering: Floodwalls 407 Structural Engineering: Design of Structural Members 410 Transportation Engineering: Horizontal Curves 413 Index 421

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Introduction to infrastructure : an introduction to civil and environmental engineering

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