Characterization of solid materials and heterogeneous catalysts : from structure to surface reactivity

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Characterization of solid materials and heterogeneous catalysts : from structure to surface reactivity

edited by Michel Che and Jacques C. Védrine

Wiley-VCH, c2012

  • : [set]
  • v. 1
  • v. 2

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注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

This two-volume book provides an overview of physical techniques used to characterize the structure of solid materials, on the one hand, and to investigate the reactivity of their surface, on the other. Therefore this book is a must-have for anyone working in fields related to surface reactivity. Among the latter, and because of its most important industrial impact, catalysis has been used as the directing thread of the book. After the preface and a general introduction to physical techniques by M. Che and J.C. Vedrine, two overviews on physical techniques are presented by G. Ertl and Sir J.M. Thomas for investigating model catalysts and porous catalysts, respectively. The book is organized into four parts: Molecular/Local Spectroscopies, Macroscopic Techniques, Characterization of the Fluid Phase (Gas and/ or Liquid), and Advanced Characterization. Each chapter focuses upon the following important themes: overview of the technique, most important parameters to interpret the experimental data, practical details, applications of the technique, particularly during chemical processes, with its advantages and disadvantages, conclusions.

目次

PREFACE GENERAL INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW ON PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR INVESTIGATING MODEL SOLID CATALYSTS OVERVIEW ON PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR INVESTIGATING POROUS CATALYSTS LV VOLUME 1 PART ONE MOLECULAR/LOCAL SPECTROSCOPIES INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Principles of IR Spectroscopy and Basic Knowledge for Its Use Experimental Considerations Use of IR Spectroscopy to Characterize Solids Application to Surface Reactivity: Operando Spectroscopy Conclusion RAMAN AND UV-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIES Introduction Characterization of Active Sites and Phase Structure of Metal Oxides Characterization of Surface Metal Oxide Species on Supported Metal Oxides Electron-Phonon Coupling in Nanostructured Materials Characterization of sp2 Carbon Materials Characterization of Transition Metal-Containing Microporous and Mesoporous Materials Synthesis Mechanisms of Molecular Sieves Conclusions ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY: ULTRA VIOLET-VISIBLE AND NEAR IR SPECTROSCOPIES Introduction and Overview UV-vis-NIR Spectra Experimental Considerations Formation and Alteration of Solids Surface Reactivity and Catalysis Conclusions PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Basic Principles of Photoluminescence General Aspects of Photoluminescence Measurements Characterization of Catalysts by Photoluminescence and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Investigations of the Dynamics of Photocatalysis by Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Conclusion NEUTRON SCATTERING Introduction Introduction to the Theory Experimental Structure Dynamics Conclusion SUM FREQUENCY GENERATION AND INFRARED REFLECTION ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Theoretical Background of SFG Spectrometer Setup Case Studies Conclusion INFRA RED REFLECTION ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AND POLARISATION MODULATION-IRRAS Introduction Principle of IRAS Principle of PM-IRAS Applications of IRAS and PM-IRAS Conclusion NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY Introduction and Historical Perspective Theory Popular NMR Techniques for Studying Solids Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts Porosity, Adsorption, and Transport Processes "In Situ" NMR Towards "Operando" Studies Conclusion and Outlook ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Principles of EPR Electron-Nucleus Hyperfine Interaction Experimental Background Anisotropy of Magnetic Interactions in EPR: the g, A, and D Tensors EPR Spectra and the Solid State: Single Crystal Versus Powders Guidelines to Interpretation of EPR Spectra Computer Simulation of Powder Spectra Molecular Interpretation of Parameters Quantum Chemical Calculations of Magnetic Parameters Advanced EPR Techniques Characteristics of EPR Techniques in Application to Catalysis and Surfaces Interfacial and Surface Charge-Transfer Processes In Situ and Operando EPR Techniques Conclusions and Prospects MOESSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY Introduction The Moessbauer Effect Radiation Source Moessbauer Absorbers Hyperfine Interactions Experimental Setups Evaluation of Experimental Data Theoretical Calculation of Moessbauer Parameters Common Moessbauer-Active Transitions Survey of Applications of the Moessbauer Effect in the Study of Catalytic Materials Conclusion LOW ENERGY ION SCATTERING AND SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY Introduction Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Low-Energy Ion Scattering (Ion Scattering Spectroscopy) Single-Crystal and Polycrystalline Metal Surfaces Amorphous Metallic Alloys From Model to Real Catalysts Conclusion X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Introduction History of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Principle of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy: XANES, EXAFS Experimentation and Data Processing Application to Oxide Materials Applications to the Study of Sulfide Catalysts Application to Metal Catalysts Conclusion and Perspectives AUGER ELECTRON, X RAY AND UV PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIES Introduction Sources of Analytical Information Instrumentation Case Studies Outlook SINGLE MOLECULE SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Description of the Method Experimental Considerations and Constraints Mesoporous Silica Materials Selected Studies Conclusion VOLUME 2 PART TWO MACROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND SMALL ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING Introduction Theoretical Background of X-Ray Diffraction Experimental Aspects Application to Phase Identification Application to Phase Characterization: Ideal Structure Application for Phase Characterization: Real Structure X-Ray Diffraction of Catalysts in a Reactive Atmosphere Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) Conclusion TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY History and Overview Introduction Specimen Preparation and Experimental Considerations Examples of General Characterization Studies Examples of Reactivity and Catalysis Studies Recent Developments and Future Prospects SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Atomic Force Microscopy Conclusion THERMAL METHODS Main Thermal Methods Acidity/Basicity Redox Properties of Solids Conclusion SURFACE AREA/POROSITY, ADSORPTION, DIFFUSION Introduction Gas Adsorption for the Characterization of Surface Area and Porosity Diffusion in Porous Solids Conclusion PART THREE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FLUID PHASE (GAS AND/OR LIQUID) MASS SPECTROMETRY Linked Atom Theory and the Mass Spectrometry Stories: the Premises of Modern Mass Spectrometry Technology Basics of Mass Spectrometry Direct Surface Analysis: ImagingMass Spectrometry for Biologists From Collision Activation to Ion?Surface Chemical Reactions for New Preparative Mass Spectrometry Petroleomics: Role of Ultra-High Resolution and Data Treatment Conclusion CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS Introduction Analysis at Different Scales GC _ GC: a Revolutionary Analytical Technique for Detailed Molecular Analysis Towards Molecular Analysis Systems Highly Coupled Around GC _ GC Conclusion TRANSIENT TECHNIQUES: TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTS AND STEADY STATE ISOTOPIC TRANSIENT KINETIC ANALYSIS Scope Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) Steady-State Isotopic Transient Kinetic Analysis (SSITKA) Conclusion PART FOUR ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES COUPLING FOR CATALYST CHARACTERISATION Introduction Basic Tenets Behind Technique Combining Illustrations of Setups Combining Multiple In Situ Techniques Conclusion QUANTUM CHEMISTRY METHODS Introduction and Historical Perspective Building Models of Heterogeneous Catalysts Electronic Structure Calculations Application of Total Energy Calculations to the Structure of Catalytic Surfaces Under the Conditions of Catalysis Conclusions and Outlook

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