The sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont : research and management of a worldwide invasive pest
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書誌事項
The sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont : research and management of a worldwide invasive pest
Springer, c2012
- : [hbk]
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
The Sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, is the most important invasive alien insect pest of Pinus plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. It now also threatens pines in North America. This book brings together the worldwide knowledge of researchers from Universities and Government institutions, as well as forest industry practitioners that have worked on the pest. Importantly, it is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject since S. noctilio was discovered outside its native range around 1900. The book covers all aspects of the biology and management of S. noctilio, including aspects of the insects' taxonomy, general life history, host-plant relationships, population dynamics, chemical ecology and symbiosis with the fungus Amylostereum areolatum. The book also contains a comprehensive synthesis of the history and current status of the pest and worldwide efforts to control it, including biological control, silviculture and quarantine.
目次
- Preface Dedication 1.0 Sirex systematics
- problems and solutions Henri Goulet 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Important issues for solving identification problems 1.2.1 Ovipositor morphology 1.2.2 Mitochondrial DNA 1.2.3 Collections 1.3 Diversity and biogeographic coverage 1.4 Morphological characters used to recognize species 1.4.1 Ovipositor characters 1.4.2 Other characters 2.0 Life history and biology of Sirex noctilio Kathleen Ryan and Brett P Hurley 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Insect-fungus complex 2.3 The life history of Sirex noctilio 2.4 Host selection and susceptibility 2.5 Host Records 2.6 Factors influencing population dynamics 2.6.1 Potential fecundity 2.6.2 Reproductive potential 2.6.3 Adult size 2.6.4 Sex-ratio 2.6.5 Natural enemies 2.7 Conclusions 3.0 Susceptibility and response of pines to Sirex noctilio John M Bordeaux and Jeffrey FD Dean 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Factors contributing to tree susceptibility 3.3 Tree responses to Sirex noctilio mucus 3.4 Tree responses to Amylostereum areolatum 3.5 General responses to Sirex attack 3.6 Reducing tree susceptibility 4.0 The population dynamics of Sirex noctilio F.: the influence of diapause, spatial aggregation and flight potential on woodwasp outbreaks and spread Juan C Corley and Jose M Villacide 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pine plantations and Sirex noctilio in Patagonia 4.3 Life cycle and adult emergence patterns 4.4 Spatial dynamics of woodwasp populations at a stand scale 4.5 Flight potential of Sirex noctilio males and females 4.6 Conclusions 5.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio and its associated fungus Amylostereum areolatum in Europe Beat Wermelinger and Iben M Thomsen 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biology of Sirex noctilio 5.3 Natural enemies 5.4 Ecology of the Amylostereum fungal symbionts 5.5 Relationships between S. noctilio attack and host quality 5.6 Economic significance of S. noctilio in Europe 6.0 The genetics of Amylostereum species associated with Siricids Magriet van der Nest, Rimvys Vasaitis, Jan Stenlid, Brenda D Wingfield, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Systematics and identification 6.3 Symbiotic specificity 6.4 Mode of reproduction 6.5 Vegetative incompatibility and population diversity studies 6.6 Conclusions and future prospects 7.0 Siricid woodwasps and their fungal symbionts in Asia, specifically those occurring in Japan Masanobu Tabata, Hiroaki Miyata and Kaoru Maeto 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Symbiosis between woodwasps and fungi 7.3 Molecular phylogeny of fungal symbionts 7.4 Life-cycle and host interaction of woodwasps 8.0 Parasitoids in the management of Sirex: Looking back and looking ahead 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Use of parasitoids as biological control agents 8.2.1 New Zealand and Australia 8.2.2 South America 8.2.3 South Africa 8.3 Conclusions 9.0 Factors affecting the efficacy of Deladenus siricidicola in biological control systems Bernard Slippers, Brett P Hurley, X Osmond Mlonyeni, Peter de Groot and Michael J Wingfield 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Rearing, handling and storage 9.3 Evolution of nematode virulence and wasp resistance 9.4 Introduction history and genetic diversity 9.5 Interaction specificity - Amylostereum and Sirex 9.6 Variable environmental factors 9.7 Conclusions 10.0 Ecological considerations in using Deladenus siricidicola for the biological control of Sirex noctilio in North America David W Williams, Kelley E Zylstra and Victor C Mastro 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ecological factors in North America affecting the biological control program 10.2.1 Climate 10.2.2 The North American nematode 10.3 Possible effects of the biological control program on non-target pine insects in North America 10.3.1 North American Siricids as potential hosts 10.3.2 Questions on nontarget effects on North American siricids 10.4 Conclusions and future directions 11.0 The chemical ecology of Sirex noctilio Damon J Crook, Katalin Boeroeczky, Kelley E Zylstra, Victor C Mastro and James H Tumlinson 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sirex noctilio and stressed trees 11.3 Pine tree volatile composition of healthy and girdled trees 11.4 Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of S. noctilio 11.5 Recent lure trials based on GC and GC-EAD results 11.6 Antennal physiology 11.7 Pheromones 11.8 Conclusions 12.0 The use of kairomone lures for the detection of Sirex noctilio in susceptible Pinus radiata plantations in Australia Richard Bashford and John L Madden Introduction 12.1 Identification and testing of Pinus radiata stem volatiles 12.2 Development of a kairomone baited trap system in Tasmania 12.3 Integration of a static trap module into the current Australian NSCC working procedures for the control of Sirex noctilio 12.4 Conclusions 13.0 The Sirex woodwasp in New Zealand: History and current status John Bain, Stephanie L Sopow and Lindsay S Bulman 13.1 Introduction 13.2 History of Sirex in New Zealand 13.3 Use of biological control agents 13.4 Pest status of Sirex noctilio in New Zealand 1980-2010 13.5 Conclusions 14.0 Sirex woodwasp in Australia: current management strategies, research and emerging issues Angus J Carnegie and Richard Bashford 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Control and management 14.2.1 Australian Sirex biological control unit 14.2.2 Current operational management 14.3 Current issues and research 14.3.1 Reduced nematode parasitism of S. noctilio 14.3.2 Ips grandicollis attacking Sirex trap trees 14.3.3 Optimise timing of nematode inoculation of trap trees 14.3.4 Trap tree establishment techniques 14.3.5 Storage life of nematodes 14.3.6 Spread of Sirex into subtropical Australia 14.3.7 Future research 14.4 conclusions 15.0 The ecology and biological control of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Patagonia, Argentina Paula Klasmer and Eduardo Botto 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Establishment, spread and distribution of Sirex noctilio in Argentina 15.3 Management strategies for Sirex noctilio in Patagonia 15.3.1 Monitoring 15.3.2 Biological control with parasitoids 15.3.3 Biological control with entomophagous nematodes 15.4 Summary and Conclusions 16.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Brazil: monitoring and control Edson T Iede, Susete do R C Penteado and Wilson R Filho 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biology and ecology of Sirex noctilio 16.3 The national program of woodwasp control in Brazil 16.3.1 Prevention strategies 16.3.2 Early detection and monitoring of S. noctilio 16.3.3 Biological control 16.3.4 Quarantine strategies 16.4 General recommendations 17.0 Surveillance and control of the Sirex woodwasp: The Chilean experience Marcos Beeche, Dolly Lanfranco, Mario Zapata and Cecilia Ruiz 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Forest health in Chile 17.3 Sirex noctilio: a remarkable taxon 17.4 Surveillance of Sirex noctilio in Chile 17.4.1 Surveillance program methods 17.4.2 Distribution of Sirex noctilio in Chile 17.5 Control of Sirex noctilio in Chile 17.5.1 Quarantine control 17.5.2 Sanitation 17.5.3 Biological control 17.6 Summary and conclusions 18.0 The control of the Sirex woodwasp in diverse environments: The South African experience Brett P Hurley, Philip Croft, Marcel Verleur, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Pine forestry in South Africa 18.3 Introduction and spread of S. noctilio in South Africa 18.4 Efforts to control S. noctilio in South Africa 18.4.1 Biological control with parasitic nematodes 18.4.2 Biological control with parasitic wasps 18.4.3 Plantation management 18.4.4 Monitoring of Sirex noctilio 18.5 Conclusions 19.0 Sirex, surveys and management: Challenges of having Sirex noctilio in North America Kevin J Dodds and Peter de Groot 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Detection in North America 19.2.1 Agencies involved in detection and delimitation efforts in Canada and the United States 19.2.2 Annual surveys 19.3 North American forests at risk 19.4 Survey challenges in North America 19.4.1 Logistical issues 19.4.2 Biological issues 19.5 Management challenges in North America 19.5.1 Silviculture 19.5.2 Biological control 19.6 Conclusions 20.0 Looking into the future of Sirex research and management Bernard Slippers and Michael J Wingfield 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Questions relating to the natural history of Siricids and their symbionts 20.3 Continued risk and challenges facing management 20.4 New technologies and unexplored opportunities Conclusions
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