Modern China : continuity and change 1644 to the present
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Bibliographic Information
Modern China : continuity and change 1644 to the present
Prentice Hall, c2010
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Note
Includes bibliographical references and indexes
Description and Table of Contents
Description
Why another book on China? Four reasons: This book places a special emphasis on China's culture, warfare, and immediate neighbors, while its organization provides structural convenience not found in other surveys of modern Chinese history.
First, this book uses a comparative approach to bridge the cultural divide separating Chinese history from Western readers trying to understand it. It compares the embedded assumptions, patterns of analysis, and primary values that distinguish these two great civilizations, not to suggest the superiority of either; but rather, to reach a Western audience, who may be unaware that many of their core assumptions and values are not shared by others. This is not an attempt to understand China in its own terms, but in comparison to the West so as to bridge the cultural divide.
Second, this book emphasizes the tragic role of warfare in Chinese history. Far more so than in most other countries, warfare has wracked Chinese society for the last two centuries: A cascade of internal rebellions, secession movements, and civil and foreign wars continued with only short interruptions from 1800 until the death of Mao Zedong in 1976. On a human level, it is incumbent on this and succeeding generations not to forget the holocaust that has been a hallmark of modern Chinese history.
Third, all too often the study of China has been done in semi-isolation from its neighbors. The authors of this book have spent years living not only in China and Taiwan, but also in Russia and Japan, and have visited South Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Modern Chinese history cannot be understood without a deep appreciation of the foreign influence that has bombarded China from all sides. Western texts generally give due attention to the Western European powers and to the United States. Some devote time to discussing the Japanese influence. None gives adequate attention to the activities of Russia. Most Western Sinologists do not read Russian, nor do most Chinese secondary sources emphasize Russia's extensive influence because Russian diplomats from the 19th century onward consistently succeeded in promoting their country's national interests at Chinese expense. On a human level, this is not a story many Chinese want to tell. On a national level, Sino-Russian relations are so central to China's national security that the topic is generally classified. The authors learned about Russo-Chinese relations from years of research in the archives of Russia, China, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States reading materials covering Russo-Chinese diplomatic relations from the 18th through the 20th centuries.
Table of Contents
Contents
List of Maps
List of Features
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Technical Note
About the Authors
Introduction A Cultural Framework for Understanding China
I. Top-down Characteristics: Confucianism, Militarism, Legalism, and Sinification
II. Radial Characteristics: Sinocentrism, Barbarian Management, and the Provincial System
III. Bottom-up Characteristics: Daoism, Buddhism, and Poetry
IV. Cyclical Elements: Yin and Yang, the Dynastic Cycle, and Historical Continuity
V. Retrospective Elements: Fate and the Sources of Knowledge
Conclusions
PART I The Creation and Maturation of an Empire, 1644-1842 26
Chapter 1 The Creation of the Qing Dynasty
I. The Ming Dynasty
II. The Qing Conquest of Ming China: Nurgaci and His Successors
III. Grafting the Manchus onto Han China under the Shunzhi Emperor
IV. Territorial Consolidation under the Kangxi Emperor
V. Institutional Consolidation under the Yongzheng Emperor
Conclusions
Chapter 2 The Maximization of Empire under the Qianlong Emperor
I. The Conquest of the Zunghar Mongols
II. The Conquest of the Tarim Basin and Tibet
III. Qing Imperial Administration: The Tributary System
IV. Domestic Administration: Central and Local Government
V. The Economy of an Empire: Agriculture, Commerce, and Taxation
Conclusions
Chapter 3 Chinese Society at the Zenith of the Qing Dynasty
I. Manchu and Han Society
II. The Four Social Groups: Scholars, Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants
III. The Legal System
IV. Confucianism as an Ideology
V. Shamanism, Confucianism, and Buddhism as Instruments of Manchu Rule
Conclusions
Chapter 4 The Foundations of Knowledge
I. Fidelity to the Past
II. The Confucian Classics
III. Thinking by Historical Analogy
IV. Understanding the Natural World
V. The Examination System
Conclusions
Chapter 5 The Arrival of the West
I. Early Explorers
II. The Maritime Advance: Portugal, Spain, Holland, and England
III. The Continental Advance: Russia
IV. The Legal and Religious Sources of Cultural Conflict
V. The Technological Revolution
Conclusions
Chapter 6 Systemic Crisis and Dynastic Decline
I. Government Corruption and Manchu Decadence
II. Population Growth, Ethnic Tensions, and the Miao Revolt
III. The White Lotus Rebellion and the Eight Trigrams Revolt
IV. Imperial Overextension
V. Qing Attempts to Restore Governmental Efficacy
Conclusions
Chapter 7 Expanding Commercial Relations with the West
I. The Tea Trade and the Silver Inflow
II. The Opium Trade and the Silver Outflow
III. The British Rejection of Sinification
IV. Chinese Strategy and the First Opium War
V. The Treaty of Nanjing: Treaty Ports, Tariffs, and North-South Tensions
Conclusions
PART II Dynastic Decline and Collapse, 1842-1911
Chapter 8 Civil War and Foreign Intervention
I. North-South Tensions and the Origins of the Taiping Rebellion
II. The Taiping Movement
III. The Taiping Capital in Nanjing
IV. The Arrow War
V. Manchu-Western Cooperation to Destroy the Taipings
Conclusions
Chapter 9 Quelling Domestic Rebellions
I. The Rise of the Empress Dowager Cixi
II. The Nian Rebellion (1851-68)
III. The Panthay Rebellion (1855-73)
IV. The Donggan Rebellion (1862-73)
V. The Muslim Rebellion in Xinjiang (1862-78)
Conclusions
Chapter 10 The Self-strengthening Movement and Central Government Reforms
I. Military Reform: Xiang and Huai Armies, Beiyang and Nanyang Navies
II. Financial Reform: The Imperial Maritime Customs
III. Foreign Policy Reform: The Zongli Yamen
IV. Educational Reform: China's First Embassy and Western Learning
V. Governmental Restoration: Confucian Rectification
Conclusions
Chapter 11 Attacks on Chinese Sovereignty
I. The Burlingame Mission and the Alcock Convention
II. The Tianjin Massacre (1870) and the Margary Affair (1875)
III. Japan and Taiwan (1871-4)
IV. Russia and Xinjiang (1871-81)
V. France and Vietnam (1883-5)
Conclusions
Chapter 12 The First Sino-Japanese War
I. The Korean Crisis
II. The Hostilities
III. The Settlement
IV. The Triple Intervention
V. The Scramble for Concessions
Conclusions
Chapter 13 The Attempt to Expel the Foreigners: The Boxer Uprising
I. The Hundred Days' Reform
II. The Origins of the Boxer Movement
III. The Boxer Uprising
IV. The Boxer Protocol and the Economic Impact of the Indemnities
V. The Aftermath: The Russo-Japanese War (1904-5)
Conclusions
Chapter 14 The 1911 Revolution
I. The Reform Program of the Empress Dowager Cixi
II. Han Revolutionaries: Sun Yat-sen's Anti-Manchu Movement
III. The Rights Recovery Movement
IV. The New Army and the Wuchang Rebellion
V. The Collapse of the Qing Dynasty
Conclusions
PART III The Republican Period, 1912-49
Chapter 15 The Founding of the Republic of China
I. The Republic under Yuan Shikai
II. Relations with Russia, Japan, and Britain
III. The Founding of the Nationalist Party
IV. North China Warlord Intrigues
V. The Republic of China Enters the First World War
Conclusions
Chapter 16 Versailles and Its Aftermath
I. Political Ferment and New Ideas
II. The Paris Peace Conference Examines the Shandong Question
III. The Shandong Controversy
IV. The Beijing Government's Reaction to the Compromise
V. The Long-term Impact of the Treaty of Versailles
Conclusions
Chapter 17 New Intellectual Currents
I. The New Culture Movement
II. The May Fourth Movement
III. The Karakhan Manifesto and the Comintern
IV. The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party
V. The Civil Wars in North China
Conclusions
Chapter 18 The Nationalist-Communist United Front
I. South China Diplomacy: The Origins of the First United Front
II. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party
III. North China Diplomacy: Beijing and Manchurian Warlords
IV. The Rise of Chiang Kai-shek and the Northern Expedition
V. The Beginning of the Nationalist-Communist Civil War
Conclusions
Chapter 19 The Nanjing Decade
I. Elimination of the Unequal Treaties with the Western Powers
II. The Russo-Japanese Rivalry Over Manchuria
III. The Military Side of Nation Building: Uprisings and Encirclement Campaigns
IV. The Civil Side of Nation Building: Nationalist and Communist Ideology
V. The Xi'an Incident and the Second United Front
Conclusions
Chapter 20 The Second Sino-Japanese War
I. Great Power Rivalries Over China
II. The Regional War and the Civil War
III. The Global War
IV. Soviet Efforts to Expand Their Sphere of Influence
V. Impact on the Chinese Population
Conclusions
Chapter 21 The Civil War: Nationalists versus Communists
I. Renewal of the Civil War
II. U.S. Diplomatic Intervention
III. Soviet Intervention
IV. The Nationalist Economic Implosion
V. The Communist Victory
Conclusions
PART IV China and Taiwan in the Postwar Era
Chapter 22 The Communist Victory
I. The Formation of the People's Republic of China
II. Land Reform and Agrarian Policies
III. The Nationalization of Industry and Commerce
IV. Diplomatic Isolation and the Sino-Soviet Alliance
V. Land Reform on Taiwan
Conclusions
Chapter 23 The Korean War
I. The Outbreak of the Korean War
II. The Chinese Decision to Intervene
III. The Soviet War Protraction Strategy
IV. War Termination
V. The Domestic Consequences of the War
Conclusions
Chapter 24 Mao's Quest for World Leadership
I. The Hundred Flowers Campaign
II. The Great Leap Forward
III. The Great Famine (1959-61)
IV. The Sino-Soviet Split
V. The Sino-Indian War of 1962
Conclusions
Chapter 25 The Cultural Revolution
I. Mao's Weakened Position
II. The Phases of the Cultural Revolution
III. The PLA and the Restoration of Order
IV. The 1969 Sino-Soviet Border Conflict
V. Sino-American Rapprochement
Conclusions
Chapter 26 The Deng Xiaoping Restoration
I. The Impending Succession, the Fall of Lin Biao, and the Death of Mao
II. The Rise to Power of Deng Xiaoping
III. The Taiwanese Economic Miracle
IV. Deng Xaoping's Agricultural Reforms
V. Deng Xiaoping's Industrial Reforms
Conclusions
Chapter 27 Tiananmen
I. The Dissolution of the Soviet Union
II. Tiananmen Demonstrations
III. The Beijing Massacre
IV. Governance without a Preeminent Leader
V. Rising Nationalism
Conclusions
Chapter 28 The Mandate of Heaven
I. Population and Prosperity
II. Environmental Challenges
III. Energy and Industrial Growth
IV. Democracy in Taiwan
V. The Two-China Problem
Conclusions
Conclusion China in Transition
I. Top-down Characteristics: Civil-Military-Ideological Underpinnings of Power
II. Radial Characteristics: Relations with the Outside
III. Bottom-up Characteristics: Education, Globalization, and Han Nationalism
IV. Cyclical Elements: The End of the Dynastic Cycle?
V. Retrospective Elements: Fatalism or Choice?
Final Words
Appendix A Geographical Names by Transliteration System
Appendix B Pinyin Wade-Giles Conversion Table
Teaching References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
by "Nielsen BookData"
