CiNii 図書 - Modern China : continuity and change 1644 to the present

Why another book on China? Four reasons: This book places a special emphasis on China's culture, warfare, and immediate neighbors, while its organization provides structural convenience not found in other surveys of modern Chinese history. First, this book uses a comparative approach to bridge the cultural divide separating Chinese history from Western readers trying to understand it. It compares the embedded assumptions, patterns of analysis, and primary values that distinguish these two great civilizations, not to suggest the superiority of either; but rather, to reach a Western audience, who may be unaware that many of their core assumptions and values are not shared by others. This is not an attempt to understand China in its own terms, but in comparison to the West so as to bridge the cultural divide. Second, this book emphasizes the tragic role of warfare in Chinese history. Far more so than in most other countries, warfare has wracked Chinese society for the last two centuries: A cascade of internal rebellions, secession movements, and civil and foreign wars continued with only short interruptions from 1800 until the death of Mao Zedong in 1976. On a human level, it is incumbent on this and succeeding generations not to forget the holocaust that has been a hallmark of modern Chinese history. Third, all too often the study of China has been done in semi-isolation from its neighbors. The authors of this book have spent years living not only in China and Taiwan, but also in Russia and Japan, and have visited South Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Modern Chinese history cannot be understood without a deep appreciation of the foreign influence that has bombarded China from all sides. Western texts generally give due attention to the Western European powers and to the United States. Some devote time to discussing the Japanese influence. None gives adequate attention to the activities of Russia. Most Western Sinologists do not read Russian, nor do most Chinese secondary sources emphasize Russia's extensive influence because Russian diplomats from the 19th century onward consistently succeeded in promoting their country's national interests at Chinese expense. On a human level, this is not a story many Chinese want to tell. On a national level, Sino-Russian relations are so central to China's national security that the topic is generally classified. The authors learned about Russo-Chinese relations from years of research in the archives of Russia, China, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States reading materials covering Russo-Chinese diplomatic relations from the 18th through the 20th centuries.

Contents List of Maps List of Features List of Tables Preface Acknowledgments Technical Note About the Authors Introduction A Cultural Framework for Understanding China I. Top-down Characteristics: Confucianism, Militarism, Legalism, and Sinification II. Radial Characteristics: Sinocentrism, Barbarian Management, and the Provincial System III. Bottom-up Characteristics: Daoism, Buddhism, and Poetry IV. Cyclical Elements: Yin and Yang, the Dynastic Cycle, and Historical Continuity V. Retrospective Elements: Fate and the Sources of Knowledge Conclusions PART I The Creation and Maturation of an Empire, 1644-1842 26 Chapter 1 The Creation of the Qing Dynasty I. The Ming Dynasty II. The Qing Conquest of Ming China: Nurgaci and His Successors III. Grafting the Manchus onto Han China under the Shunzhi Emperor IV. Territorial Consolidation under the Kangxi Emperor V. Institutional Consolidation under the Yongzheng Emperor Conclusions Chapter 2 The Maximization of Empire under the Qianlong Emperor I. The Conquest of the Zunghar Mongols II. The Conquest of the Tarim Basin and Tibet III. Qing Imperial Administration: The Tributary System IV. Domestic Administration: Central and Local Government V. The Economy of an Empire: Agriculture, Commerce, and Taxation Conclusions Chapter 3 Chinese Society at the Zenith of the Qing Dynasty I. Manchu and Han Society II. The Four Social Groups: Scholars, Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants III. The Legal System IV. Confucianism as an Ideology V. Shamanism, Confucianism, and Buddhism as Instruments of Manchu Rule Conclusions Chapter 4 The Foundations of Knowledge I. Fidelity to the Past II. The Confucian Classics III. Thinking by Historical Analogy IV. Understanding the Natural World V. The Examination System Conclusions Chapter 5 The Arrival of the West I. Early Explorers II. The Maritime Advance: Portugal, Spain, Holland, and England III. The Continental Advance: Russia IV. The Legal and Religious Sources of Cultural Conflict V. The Technological Revolution Conclusions Chapter 6 Systemic Crisis and Dynastic Decline I. Government Corruption and Manchu Decadence II. Population Growth, Ethnic Tensions, and the Miao Revolt III. The White Lotus Rebellion and the Eight Trigrams Revolt IV. Imperial Overextension V. Qing Attempts to Restore Governmental Efficacy Conclusions Chapter 7 Expanding Commercial Relations with the West I. The Tea Trade and the Silver Inflow II. The Opium Trade and the Silver Outflow III. The British Rejection of Sinification IV. Chinese Strategy and the First Opium War V. The Treaty of Nanjing: Treaty Ports, Tariffs, and North-South Tensions Conclusions PART II Dynastic Decline and Collapse, 1842-1911 Chapter 8 Civil War and Foreign Intervention I. North-South Tensions and the Origins of the Taiping Rebellion II. The Taiping Movement III. The Taiping Capital in Nanjing IV. The Arrow War V. Manchu-Western Cooperation to Destroy the Taipings Conclusions Chapter 9 Quelling Domestic Rebellions I. The Rise of the Empress Dowager Cixi II. The Nian Rebellion (1851-68) III. The Panthay Rebellion (1855-73) IV. The Donggan Rebellion (1862-73) V. The Muslim Rebellion in Xinjiang (1862-78) Conclusions Chapter 10 The Self-strengthening Movement and Central Government Reforms I. Military Reform: Xiang and Huai Armies, Beiyang and Nanyang Navies II. Financial Reform: The Imperial Maritime Customs III. Foreign Policy Reform: The Zongli Yamen IV. Educational Reform: China's First Embassy and Western Learning V. Governmental Restoration: Confucian Rectification Conclusions Chapter 11 Attacks on Chinese Sovereignty I. The Burlingame Mission and the Alcock Convention II. The Tianjin Massacre (1870) and the Margary Affair (1875) III. Japan and Taiwan (1871-4) IV. Russia and Xinjiang (1871-81) V. France and Vietnam (1883-5) Conclusions Chapter 12 The First Sino-Japanese War I. The Korean Crisis II. The Hostilities III. The Settlement IV. The Triple Intervention V. The Scramble for Concessions Conclusions Chapter 13 The Attempt to Expel the Foreigners: The Boxer Uprising I. The Hundred Days' Reform II. The Origins of the Boxer Movement III. The Boxer Uprising IV. The Boxer Protocol and the Economic Impact of the Indemnities V. The Aftermath: The Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) Conclusions Chapter 14 The 1911 Revolution I. The Reform Program of the Empress Dowager Cixi II. Han Revolutionaries: Sun Yat-sen's Anti-Manchu Movement III. The Rights Recovery Movement IV. The New Army and the Wuchang Rebellion V. The Collapse of the Qing Dynasty Conclusions PART III The Republican Period, 1912-49 Chapter 15 The Founding of the Republic of China I. The Republic under Yuan Shikai II. Relations with Russia, Japan, and Britain III. The Founding of the Nationalist Party IV. North China Warlord Intrigues V. The Republic of China Enters the First World War Conclusions Chapter 16 Versailles and Its Aftermath I. Political Ferment and New Ideas II. The Paris Peace Conference Examines the Shandong Question III. The Shandong Controversy IV. The Beijing Government's Reaction to the Compromise V. The Long-term Impact of the Treaty of Versailles Conclusions Chapter 17 New Intellectual Currents I. The New Culture Movement II. The May Fourth Movement III. The Karakhan Manifesto and the Comintern IV. The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party V. The Civil Wars in North China Conclusions Chapter 18 The Nationalist-Communist United Front I. South China Diplomacy: The Origins of the First United Front II. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party III. North China Diplomacy: Beijing and Manchurian Warlords IV. The Rise of Chiang Kai-shek and the Northern Expedition V. The Beginning of the Nationalist-Communist Civil War Conclusions Chapter 19 The Nanjing Decade I. Elimination of the Unequal Treaties with the Western Powers II. The Russo-Japanese Rivalry Over Manchuria III. The Military Side of Nation Building: Uprisings and Encirclement Campaigns IV. The Civil Side of Nation Building: Nationalist and Communist Ideology V. The Xi'an Incident and the Second United Front Conclusions Chapter 20 The Second Sino-Japanese War I. Great Power Rivalries Over China II. The Regional War and the Civil War III. The Global War IV. Soviet Efforts to Expand Their Sphere of Influence V. Impact on the Chinese Population Conclusions Chapter 21 The Civil War: Nationalists versus Communists I. Renewal of the Civil War II. U.S. Diplomatic Intervention III. Soviet Intervention IV. The Nationalist Economic Implosion V. The Communist Victory Conclusions PART IV China and Taiwan in the Postwar Era Chapter 22 The Communist Victory I. The Formation of the People's Republic of China II. Land Reform and Agrarian Policies III. The Nationalization of Industry and Commerce IV. Diplomatic Isolation and the Sino-Soviet Alliance V. Land Reform on Taiwan Conclusions Chapter 23 The Korean War I. The Outbreak of the Korean War II. The Chinese Decision to Intervene III. The Soviet War Protraction Strategy IV. War Termination V. The Domestic Consequences of the War Conclusions Chapter 24 Mao's Quest for World Leadership I. The Hundred Flowers Campaign II. The Great Leap Forward III. The Great Famine (1959-61) IV. The Sino-Soviet Split V. The Sino-Indian War of 1962 Conclusions Chapter 25 The Cultural Revolution I. Mao's Weakened Position II. The Phases of the Cultural Revolution III. The PLA and the Restoration of Order IV. The 1969 Sino-Soviet Border Conflict V. Sino-American Rapprochement Conclusions Chapter 26 The Deng Xiaoping Restoration I. The Impending Succession, the Fall of Lin Biao, and the Death of Mao II. The Rise to Power of Deng Xiaoping III. The Taiwanese Economic Miracle IV. Deng Xaoping's Agricultural Reforms V. Deng Xiaoping's Industrial Reforms Conclusions Chapter 27 Tiananmen I. The Dissolution of the Soviet Union II. Tiananmen Demonstrations III. The Beijing Massacre IV. Governance without a Preeminent Leader V. Rising Nationalism Conclusions Chapter 28 The Mandate of Heaven I. Population and Prosperity II. Environmental Challenges III. Energy and Industrial Growth IV. Democracy in Taiwan V. The Two-China Problem Conclusions Conclusion China in Transition I. Top-down Characteristics: Civil-Military-Ideological Underpinnings of Power II. Radial Characteristics: Relations with the Outside III. Bottom-up Characteristics: Education, Globalization, and Han Nationalism IV. Cyclical Elements: The End of the Dynastic Cycle? V. Retrospective Elements: Fatalism or Choice? Final Words Appendix A Geographical Names by Transliteration System Appendix B Pinyin Wade-Giles Conversion Table Teaching References Credits Name Index Subject Index

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Modern China : continuity and change 1644 to the present

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