Green techniques for organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry

著者

• Zhang, Wei
• Cue, Berkeley W.

書誌事項

Green techniques for organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry

editors, Wei Zhang, Berkeley W. Cue

John Wiley & Sons, 2012

• : cloth

注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Boasting both environmental and economic benefits, green chemistry is becoming a high priority in modern organic synthesis and pharmaceutical R & D. This book fills a gap in the field, offering the only comprehensive treatment focused on green chemistry applications in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and drug discovery. It covers many innovative and new techniques, along with an assessment of the green chemistry aspects and limiting factors for each technique. Coverage also includes green concepts and catalysis, as well as case studies illustrating practical applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

目次

• List of Contributors xix I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Green Toxicology 3 Nicholas D. Anastas 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 History and Scope of Toxicology 4 1.2.1 The need for green toxicology 5 1.3 Principles of Toxicology 5 1.3.1 Characteristics of exposure 6 1.3.2 Spectrum of toxic effects 6 1.3.3 The dose response relationship 7 1.4 Disposition of Toxicants in Organisms 8 1.4.1 Absorption 9 1.4.2 Distribution 11 1.4.3 Metabolism 11 1.4.4 Excretion 12 1.5 Nonorgan System Toxicity 12 1.5.1 Carcinogenesis 13 1.5.2 Reproductive and developmental toxicity 13 1.5.3 Immunotoxicology 14 1.6 Mechanistic Toxicology 15 1.7 Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships 16 1.8 Environmental Toxicology 18 1.8.1 Persistence and bioaccumulation 18 1.9 Risk Assessment 19 1.9.1 NonCancer risk assessment 20 1.9.2 Cancer risk assessment 21 1.10 Conclusions 21 References 22 2 Green Chemistry and the Pharmaceutical Industry 25 Amy S. Cannon, Joseph L. Pont and John C. Warner 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Green Chemistry versus Sustainable Chemistry 26 2.3 Trend: The Ongoing Use of Hazardous Chemistry 27 2.4 Myth: To Do Green Chemistry One Must Sacrifice Performance and Cost 28 2.5 Green Chemistry and the Future of the Pharmaceutical Industry 29 2.6 Green Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Process Development and Manufacturing 30 2.7 Conclusions 30 References 31 II GREEN CATALYSIS 33 3 Environmental Science and Green Chemistry
• Guiding Environmentally Preferred Manufacturing, Materials, and Products 35 Richard T. Williams and Travis R. Williams 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Market Forces 36 3.2.1 Chemicals in the natural and human environment 37 3.2.2 Precautionary decision making 37 3.2.3 Chemical control laws 37 3.2.4 Green chemistry initiatives 38 3.2.5 Drug registration Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) 39 3.2.6 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) 39 3.2.7 Ecosystem valuation 39 3.2.8 Company expectations 39 3.2.9 Public expectations 39 3.2.10 Environmental labeling, standards, and classification 39 3.3 Indicators (Attributes) of Environmental Performance 40 3.4 Environmental Impact 40 3.5 Strategic Approach to Greener Manufacturing Processes and Products 42 3.6 Manufacturing Process Improvements 43 3.6.1 Business and Professional Advantages from Manufacturing Process Improvements 44 3.7 Product Improvements 45 3.8 Environmental Decision Making 46 3.8.1 E-factor 47 3.8.2 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) 47 3.8.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 47 3.8.4 Individual company initiatives 48 3.8.5 Environmental (Ecological) Risk Assessment (ERA) 49 3.8.6 Alternatives Assessment (AA)/Chemical Alternatives Assessment (CAA) 49 3.8.7 Green Screen 50 3.8.8 iSUSTAINTM Green chemistry index 50 3.8.9 Computational Science and Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) 51 3.8.10 Tiered testing 52 3.8.11 Databases and lists of chemicals 52 3.9 Case Study Pharmaceuticals/Biologics 53 3.9.1 Pharmaceutical manufacturing 53 3.9.2 Pharmaceutical products 54 3.10 Case Study Nanotechnology 58 3.11 Green Credentials and Environmental Standards 59 3.12 Inspiring Innovation Academic and Industry Programs 60 3.12.1 Academic programs 60 3.12.2 Industry programs 60 3.13 Conclusions and Recommendations 61 References 64 4 Direct CH Bond Activation Reactions 69 Anna Tomin, Seema Bag and Bela T or ok 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Homogeneous CH Activation by Metal Complex Catalysis 70 4.2.1 Pd-catalyzed carbon carbon bond formations 70 4.2.2 Pd-catalyzed carbon heteroatom bond formation 73 4.2.3 CH activation by other metals 74 4.3 Heterogeneous Catalytic Methods for CH Activation 75 4.3.1 Supported metal complexes 75 4.3.2 Supported metals 78 4.4 CH Activation by Organocatalysts 80 4.5 Enzymatic CH Activations 83 References 87 5 Supported Asymmetric Organocatalysis 99 Long Zhang, Lingyun Cui, Sanzhong Luo and Jin-Pei Cheng 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Polymer-Supported Organocatalysts 99 5.2.1 Polymer-supported chiral amines for enamine and iminiun catalysis 99 5.2.2 Polymer-supported phase transfer catalysts 106 5.2.3 Polymer-supported phosphoric acid catalyst 107 5.2.4 Miscellaneous 108 5.3 Solid Acid-Supported Organocatalysis 108 5.3.1 Polyoxometalate-supported chiral amine catalysts 109 5.3.2 Solid sulfonic acid supported chiral amine catalysts 110 5.4 Ionic Liquid-Supported Organocatalysts 111 5.5 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Supported Organocatalysts 119 5.6 Silica-Supported Asymmetric Organocatalysts 119 5.6.1 Silica-supported proline and its derivatives 120 5.6.2 Silica-supported MacMillan catalysts 121 5.6.3 Other silica-supported organocatalysts 122 5.7 Clay Entrapped Organocatalysts 123 5.8 Miscellaneous 124 5.9 Conclusion 126 Acknowledgments 126 References 127 6 Fluorous Catalysis 137 Laszlo T. Mika and Istvan T. Horvath 6.1 Introduction and the Principles of Fluorous Catalysis 137 6.2 Ligands for Fluorous Transition Metal Catalysts 142 6.3 Synthetic Application of Fluorous Catalysis 142 6.3.1 Hydroformylation 142 6.3.2 Hydrogenation 147 6.3.3 Hydrosylilation 150 6.3.4 Cross-coupling reactions 154 6.3.5 Hydroboration 161 6.3.6 Oxidation 163 6.3.7 Esterification, transesterification and acetylation 167 6.3.8 Other metal catalyzed carbon carbon bond forming reactions 168 6.4 Fluorous Organocatalysis 174 References 177 7 Solid-Supported Catalysis 185 Michelle L. Richards and Peter J.H. Scott 7.1 Introduction 185 7.1.1 General Introduction 185 7.1.2 The impact of solid-phase organic synthesis on green chemistry 187 7.2 Immobilized Palladium Catalysts for Green Chemistry 188 7.2.1 Introduction 188 7.2.2 Suzuki reactions 189 7.2.3 Heck Mizoroki reactions in water 193 7.2.4 Sonogashira reactions in water 194 7.2.5 Tsuji Trost reactions in water 196 7.3 Immobilized Rhodium Catalysts for Green Chemistry 197 7.3.1 Introduction 197 7.3.2 Rhodium(II) carbenoid chemistry 197 7.3.3 Rhodium (I)-catalyzed conjugate addition reactions 198 7.3.4 Rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions 198 7.3.5 Rhodium-catalyzed carbonylation reactions 199 7.4 Immobilized Ruthenium Catalysts for Green Chemistry 199 7.4.1 Introduction 199 7.4.2 Ruthenium-catalyzed metathesis reactions 199 7.4.3 Ruthenium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation 204 7.4.4 Ruthenium-catalyzed opening of epoxides 206 7.4.5 Ruthenium-catalyzed cyclopropanation reactions 206 7.4.6 Ruthenium-catalyzed halogenation reactions 207 7.5 Other Immobilized Catalysts for Green Chemistry 208 7.5.1 Immobilized cobalt catalysts 208 7.5.2 Immobilized copper catalysts 208 7.5.3 Immobilized iridium catalysts 209 7.6 Conclusions 210 References 210 8 Biocatalysis 217 Qi Wu and Junhua Tao 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Brief History of Biocatalysis 217 8.3 Biocatalysis Toolboxes 218 8.4 Enzymatic Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals 218 8.4.1 Synthesis of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin 219 8.4.2 Synthesis of b-lactam antibiotics 222 8.4.3 Synthesis of glycopeptides 225 8.4.4 Synthesis of tyrocidine antibiotics 227 8.4.5 Synthesis of polyketides 230 8.4.6 Synthesis of taxoids and epothilones 231 8.4.7 Synthesis of pregabalin 234 8.5 Summary 237 Acknowledgment 237 References 237 III GREEN SYNTHETIC TECHNIQUES 241 9 Green Solvents 243 Simon W. Breeden, James H. Clark, Duncan J. Macquarrie and James Sherwood 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Origins of the Neoteric Solvents 244 9.2.1 Ionic liquids 244 9.2.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide 245 9.2.3 Water 245 9.2.4 Perfluorinated solvents 246 9.2.5 Biosolvents 246 9.2.6 Petroleum solvents 247 9.3 Application of Green Solvents 248 9.3.1 Synthetic organic chemistry overview 248 9.3.2 Diels Alder cycloaddition 248 9.3.3 Cross-coupling 250 9.3.4 Ring-closing metathesis 253 9.4 Recapitulation and Possible Future Developments 256 References 257 10 Organic Synthesis in Water 263 Marc-Olivier Simon and Chao-Jun Li 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Pericyclic Reactions 264 10.3 Passerini and Ugi Reactions 268 10.4 Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Reactions 269 10.5 Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions 271 10.5.1 Pericyclic reactions 271 10.5.2 Addition reactions 273 10.5.3 Coupling reactions 274 10.5.4 Transition metal catalyzed reactions of carbenes 279 10.5.5 Oxidations and reductions 280 10.6 Organocatalytic Reactions 283 10.6.1 Aldol reaction 283 10.6.2 Michael addition 284 10.6.3 Mannich reaction 285 10.6.4 Cycloaddition reactions 286 10.7 Miscellaneous 288 10.8 Conclusion 290 References 291 11 Solvent-Free Synthesis 297 James Mack and Sivaramakrishnan Muthukrishnan 11.1 Introduction 297 11.2 Alternative Methods to Solution Based Synthesis 300 11.2.1 Mortar and pestle 300 11.2.2 Ball milling 301 11.2.3 Microwave assisted solvent-free synthesis 309 References 318 12 Microwave Synthesis 325 Michael P. Pollastri and William G. Devine 12.1 Introduction 325 12.2 The Mechanism of Microwave Heating 326 12.3 The Green Properties of Microwave Heating 326 12.3.1 Green solvents 326 12.3.2 Energy reduction 328 12.3.3 Improved reaction outcomes resulting in less purification 328 12.4 Microwaves versus Green Chemistry Principles 329 12.5 Green Solvents in Microwave Chemistry 329 12.5.1 Water 329 12.5.2 Solventless reactions 330 12.5.3 Ionic liquids 331 12.5.4 Glycerol 332 12.6 Catalysis 333 12.6.1 Microwave assisted CH bond activation 333 12.6.2 Microwave assisted carbonylation reactions 334 12.7 Microwave Chemistry Scale-Up 334 12.7.1 Flow microwave reactors 335 12.7.2 Energy efficiency of large-scale microwave reactions 336 12.7.3 Large-scale batch microwave reactors 339 12.7.4 Future work in microwave scale-up 340 12.8 Summary 340 References 341 13 Ultrasonic Reactions 343 Rodrigo Cella and Helio A. Stefani 13.1 Introduction 343 13.2 How Does Cavitation Work? 344 13.3 Condensation Reactions 345 13.4 Michael Additions 348 13.5 Mannich Reactions 349 13.6 Heterocycles Synthesis 350 13.7 Coupling Reactions 353 13.8 Miscellaneous 358 13.9 Conclusions 359 References 359 14 Photochemical Synthesis 363 Stefano Protti, Maurizio Fagnoni and Angelo Albini 14.1 Introduction 363 14.2 Synthesis and Rearrangement of Open-Chain Compounds 365 14.3 Synthesis of Three- and Four-Membered Rings 370 14.3.1 Synthesis of three-membered rings 370 14.3.2 Synthesis of four-membered rings 372 14.4 Synthesis of Five-, Six (and Larger)-Membered Rings 378 14.4.1 Synthesis of five-membered rings 379 14.4.2 Synthesis of six-membered rings 381 14.4.3 Synthesis of larger rings 383 14.5 Oxygenation and Oxidation 385 14.6 Conclusions 387 Acknowledgment 388 References 388 15 Solid-Supported Organic Synthesis 393 Gorakh S. Yellol and Chung-Ming Sun 15.1 Introduction 393 15.2 Techniques of Solid-Supported Synthesis 394 15.2.1 General method of solid-supported synthesis 394 15.2.2 Supports for supported synthesis 395 15.2.3 Linkers for solid-supported synthesis 398 15.2.4 Reaction monitoring 401 15.2.5 Separation techniques 402 15.2.6 Automation technique 404 15.2.7 Split and combine (split and mix) technique 405 15.3 Solid-Supported Heterocyclic Chemistry 406 15.3.1 Multicomponent reaction 406 15.3.2 Combinatorial library synthesis 408 15.3.3 Diversity-oriented synthesis 412 15.3.4 Multistep parallel synthesis 412 15.4 Solid-Supported Natural Product Synthesis 417 15.4.1 Total synthesis of natural product 418 15.4.2 Synthesis of natural product-like libraries 420 15.4.3 Synthesis of natural product inspired compounds 421 15.5 Solid-Supported Synthesis of Peptides and Carbohydrates 422 15.5.1 Solid-supported synthesis of peptides 422 15.5.2 Solid-supported synthesis of carbohydrates 424 15.6 Soluble-Supported Synthesis 426 15.6.1 Poly(ethylene glycol) 426 15.6.2 Linear polystyrene (LPS) 427 15.6.3 Ionic liquids 428 15.7 Multidisciplinary Synthetic Approaches 429 15.7.1 Solid-supported synthesis and microwave synthesis 429 15.7.2 Solid-supported synthesis under sonication 431 15.7.3 Solid-supported synthesis in green media 433 15.7.4 Solid-supported synthesis and photochemical reactions 433 References 434 16 Fluorous Synthesis 443 Wei Zhang 16.1 Introduction 443 16.2 Heavy versus Light Fluorous Chemistry 443 16.3 Green Aspects of Fluorous Techniques 444 16.3.1 Fluorous solid-phase extraction to reduce the amount of waste solvent 444 16.3.2 Recycling techniques in fluorous synthesis 444 16.3.3 Monitoring fluorous reactions 446 16.3.4 Two-in-one strategy for using fluorous linkers 448 16.3.5 Efficient microwave-assisted fluorous synthesis 448 16.3.6 Atom economic fluorous multicomponent reactions 451 16.3.7 Fluorous reactions and separations in aqueous media 451 16.4 Fluorous Techniques for Discovery Chemistry 451 16.4.1 Fluorous ligands for metal catalysis 451 16.4.2 Fluorous organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis 451 16.4.3 Fluorous reagents 453 16.4.4 Fluorous scavengers 454 16.4.5 Fluorous linkers 454 16.5 Conclusions 465 References 465 17 Reactions in Ionic Liquids 469 Hui Wang, Xiaosi Zhou, Gabriela Gurau and Robin D. Rogers 17.1 Introduction 469 17.2 Finding the Right Role for ILs in the Pharmaceutical Industry 470 17.2.1 Use of ILs as solvents in the synthesis of drugs or drug intermediates 470 17.2.2 Use of ILs for pharmaceutical crystallization 472 17.2.3 Use of ILs in pharmaceutical separations 472 17.2.4 Use of ILs for the extraction of drugs from natural products 476 17.2.5 Use of ILs for drug delivery 477 17.2.6 Use of ILs for drug detection 478 17.2.7 ILs as pharmaceutical ingredients 479 17.3 Conclusions and Prospects 489 References 490 18 Multicomponent Reactions 497 Yijun Huang, Ahmed Yazbak and Alexander D omling 18.1 Introduction 497 18.2 Multicomponent Reactions in Aqueous Medium 498 18.2.1 Multicomponent reactions are accelerated in water 498 18.2.2 Multicomponent reactions on water 500 18.3 Solventless Multicomponent Reactions 503 18.4 Case Studies of Multicomponent Reactions in Drug Synthesis 507 18.4.1 Schistosomiasis drug praziquantel 507 18.4.2 Schizophrenia drug olanzapine 509 18.4.3 Oxytocin antagonist GSK221149A 510 18.4.4 Miscellaneous 511 18.5 Perspectives of Multicomponent Reactions in Green Chemistry 512 18.5.1 The union of multicomponent reactions 512 18.5.2 Sustainable synthesis technology by multicomponent reactions 515 18.5.3 Alternative solvents for green chemistry 516 18.6 Outlook 518 References 518 19 Flow Chemistry 523 Frederic G. Buono, Michael A. Gonzalez and Jale M uslehiddinoglu 19.1 Introduction 523 19.2 Types of Flow Reactors 525 19.2.1 Microreactors 526 19.2.2 Miniaturized tubular reactors 527 19.2.3 Spinning Disk Reactor (SDR) 528 19.2.4 Spinning tube-in-tube reactor 530 19.2.5 Heat exchanger reactors 531 19.3 Application of Flow Reactors 532 19.3.1 Prevention of waste and yield improvement 532 19.3.2 Increase energy efficiency and minimize potential for accidents 535 19.3.3 Use of heterogeneous catalysts and atom efficiency 540 19.3.4 Use of supported reagents 543 19.3.5 Photochemistry 543 19.4 Conclusion 544 Acknowledgment 544 References 545 20 Green Chemistry Strategies for Medicinal Chemists 551 Berkeley W. Cue Jr. 20.1 Introduction 551 20.2 Historical Background: The Evolution of Green Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry 552 20.3 Green Chemistry in Process Chemistry, Manufacturing and Medicinal Chemistry and Barriers to Rapid Uptake 553 20.4 Green Chemistry Activity Among PhRMA Member Companies 554 20.5 Modeling Waste Generation in Pharmaceutical R&D 555 20.6 Strategies to Reduce the Use of Solvents 556 20.7 Green Reactions for Medicinal Chemistry 558 20.8 Modeling Waste Co-Produced During R&D Synthesis 560 20.9 Green Chemistry and Drug Design: Benign by Design 562 20.10 Green Biology 565 20.11 Conclusions and Recommendations 565 References 567 IV GREEN TECHNIQUES FOR MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 571 21 The Business of Green Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry 573 Andrea Larson and Mark Meier 21.1 Introduction 573 21.2 Green Chemistry as a Business Opportunity 574 21.3 The Need for Green Chemistry 574 21.4 The Business Case for Green Chemistry Principles 576 21.5 An Idea whose Time Has Arrived 579 21.6 What Green Chemistry Is and What It Is Not 582 21.7 Overcoming Obstacles to Green Chemistry 583 21.8 Conclusion 586 References 586 22 Preparative Chromatography 589 Kathleen Mihlbachler and Olivier Dapremont 22.1 Introduction 589 22.2 Preparative Chromatography for Intermediates and APIs 590 22.2.1 Early discovery 590 22.2.2 Clinical and commercial scale quantities 590 22.2.3 Chiral separations 591 22.3 Chromatography and the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry 592 22.3.1 The 12 principles 592 22.3.2 The metrics 593 22.3.3 The impact of chromatography on the environment 594 22.4 Overview of Chromatography Systems 595 22.4.1 Chromatographic separation mechanisms 595 22.4.2 Elution modes: isocratic versus gradient 596 22.4.3 Batch chromatography 596 22.4.4 Continuous chromatography 598 22.4.5 Supercritical fluid chromatography 600 22.4.6 Solvent Recycling 601 22.5 Examples of Process Chromatography 602 22.5.1 Early process development 602 22.5.2 Implementation of SMB technology for chiral resolution 603 22.5.3 Global process optimization: combining synthesis and impurity removal 605 22.5.4 Chromatography versus crystallization to remove a genotoxic impurity 607 22.5.5 SMB mining recover product from waste stream 608 22.6 Conclusions 609 References 610 23 Green Drug-Delivery Formulations 613 Scott B. McCray and David K. Lyon 23.1 Introduction and Summary 613 23.2 Application of Green Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry 614 23.3 Need for Green Chemistry Technologies to Deliver Low-Solubility Drugs 615 23.3.1 The need 615 23.3.2 Characteristics of low-solubility drugs 616 23.3.3 Low bioavailability 616 23.4 SDD Drug-Delivery Platform 617 23.4.1 Technology overview 617 23.4.2 Polymer choice 619 23.4.3 Process description 620 23.4.4 Formulation description 622 23.4.5 Dissolved drug 622 23.4.6 Drug in colloids and micelles 623 23.4.7 SDD efficacy 623 23.4.8 In Vitro testing 624 23.4.9 In Vivo testing 624 23.5 Green Chemistry Advantages of SDD Drug-Delivery Platform 625 23.5.1 Modeling 625 23.5.2 Reduction in waste due to efficient screening 626 23.5.3 Reduction of waste during manufacturing 626 23.5.4 Reduction in waste due to nonprogression of candidates 627 23.5.5 Reduction in waste due to lower dose requirements 627 23.5.6 Reduction in amount of drug that enters the environment 627 23.5.7 Calculated impact on waste reduction 627 23.6 Conclusions 628 23.7 Acknowledgments 628 References 628 24 Green Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Recent Case Studies 631 Ji Zhang and Berkeley W. Cue Jr 24.1 Introduction 631 24.2 Sitagliptin: From Green to Greener
• from a Catalytic Reaction to a Metal-Free Enzymatic Process 632 24.3 Saxagliptin: Elimination of Toxic Chemicals and the Use of a Biocatalytic Approach 637 24.4 Armodafinil: From Classical Resolution to Catalytic Asymmetric Oxidation to Maximize the Output 639 24.5 Emend: Elimination of the Use of Tebbe Reagent for Pollution Prevention and Utilization of Catalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation 642 24.6 Greening a Process via One-pot or Telescoped Processing 646 24.7 Greening a Process via Salt Formation 651 24.8 Metal-free Organocatalysis: Applications of Chiral Phase-transfer Catalysis 652 24.9 Conclusions 653 References 657 25 Green Analytical Chemistry 659 Paul Ferguson, Mark Harding and Jennifer Young 25.1 Introduction 659 25.2 Method Assessment 660 25.3 Solvents and Additives for pH Adjustment 661 25.4 Sample Preparation 665 25.5 Techniques and Methods 666 25.5.1 Screening methods 666 25.5.2 Liquid chromatography 667 25.5.3 Gas chromatography 676 25.5.4 Supercritical fluid chromatography 678 25.5.5 Chiral analysis 679 25.5.6 Process analytical technology 680 25.6 Conclusions 681 Acknowledgments 682 References 682 26 Green Chemistry for Tropical Disease 685 Joseph M.D. Fortunak, David H. Brown Ripin and David S. Teager 26.1 Introduction 685 26.2 Interventions in Drug Dosing 686 26.2.1 Dose reduction through innovative drug formulation 686 26.2.2 Dose optimization: green dose setting 687 26.3 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Cost Reduction with Green Chemistry 688 26.3.1 Revision of the original manufacturing process 688 26.3.2 Case studies: manufacture of drugs for AntiRetroviral therapy 689 26.3.3 Case studies: Artemisinin combination therapies for malaria treatment 695 26.4 Conclusions 698 References 698 27 Green Engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry 701 Concepcion Jimenez- Gonzalez, Celia S. Ponder, Robert E. Hannah and James R. Hagan 27.1 Introduction 701 27.2 Green Engineering Principles 702 27.2.1 Optimizing the use of resources 702 27.2.2 Life cycle thinking 706 27.2.3 Minimizing environment, health and safety hazards by design 709 27.3 More Challenge Areas for Sustainability in the Pharmaceutical Industry 709 27.4 Future Outlook and Challenges 712 References 712 Index

「Nielsen BookData」 より

詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BB10642388
• ISBN:
  • 9780470711514
• LCCN: 2012005854
• 出版国コード: uk
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: Chichester
• ページ数/冊数: xxiv, 742 p.
• 大きさ: 26 cm
• 分類:
  • LCC : RS403
  • DC23 : 615.1/9
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Pharmaceutical chemistry
  • LCSH : Environmental chemistry -- Industrial applications