Measurement and statistics on science and technology : 1920 to the present
著者
書誌事項
Measurement and statistics on science and technology : 1920 to the present
（Studies in the history of science, technology and medicine / edited by John Krige, 22）
Routledge, 2012, c2005
- : pbk
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注記
Originally published: 2005
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
How do we objectively measure scientific activities? What proportion of economic activities should a society devote to research and development? How can public-sector and private-sector research best be directed to achieve social goals? Governments and researchers from industrial countries have been measuring science and technology for more than eighty years. This book provides the first comprehensive account of the attempts to measure science and technology activities in Western countries and the successes and shortcomings of statistical systems. Godin guides readers through the historical moments that led to the development of statistics on science and technology and also examines the socio-political dynamics behind social measurement. This enlightening account will be of interest to students and academics investigating science measurement as well as policy makers working in this burgeoning field.
目次
Introduction. Part One: Constructing Science and Technology Statistics. Section One: The Number Makers 1. Seventy Years of Science and Technology Statistics 2. Taking Demand Seriously: Nesti and the Role of National Statisticians Section Two: Defining Science and Technology 3. Is Research Always Systematic 4. Neglected Scientific Activities: The (Non) Measurement of Related Scientific Activities 5. What's So Difficult About International Statistics? Unesco and the Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities Section Three: Imagining New Measurements 6. The Emergence of Science and Technology Indicators: Why did Governments Supplement Statistics with the Indicators 7. Measuring Output: When Economics Drives Science and Technology Measurement 8. The Rise of Innovation Surveys: Measuring a Fuzzy Concept Section Four: Dealing with Methodological Problems 9. Metadata: How Footnotes make for Doubtful Numbers Science and Technology Statistical Classifications 10. Tradition and Innovation: The Historical Contingency of Science and Technology Statistical Classifications Part Two: Using Science and Technology Statistics 11. The Most Cherished Indictor: Gross Domestic Expenditures on R&D (Gerd) 12. Technological Gaps: Between Quantitative Evidence and Qualitative Arguments 13. Highly Qualified Personnel: Should we Really Believe in Shortages? 14. Is There Basic Research Without Statistics? 15. Are Statistics Really Useful? Myths and Politics of Science and Technology Indicators
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