Of empires and citizens : pro-American democracy or no democracy at all?

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Of empires and citizens : pro-American democracy or no democracy at all?

Amaney A. Jamal

Princeton University Press, c2012

  • : pbk

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注記

Includes bibliographical references (p. [245]-265) and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

In the post-Cold War era, why has democratization been slow to arrive in the Arab world? This book argues that to understand support for the authoritarian status quo in parts of this region--and the willingness of its citizens to compromise on core democratic principles--one must factor in how a strong U.S. presence and popular anti-Americanism weakens democratic voices. Examining such countries as Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Palestine, and Saudi Arabia, Amaney Jamal explores how Arab citizens decide whether to back existing regimes, regime transitions, and democratization projects, and how the global position of Arab states shapes people's attitudes toward their governments. While the Cold War's end reduced superpower hegemony in much of the developing world, the Arab region witnessed an increased security and economic dependence on the United States. As a result, the preferences of the United States matter greatly to middle-class Arab citizens, not just the elite, and citizens will restrain their pursuit of democratization, rationalizing their backing for the status quo because of U.S. geostrategic priorities. Demonstrating how the preferences of an international patron serve as a constraint or an opportunity to push for democracy, Jamal questions bottom-up approaches to democratization, which assume that states are autonomous units in the world order. Jamal contends that even now, with the overthrow of some autocratic Arab regimes, the future course of Arab democratization will be influenced by the perception of American reactions. Concurrently, the United States must address the troubling sources of the region's rising anti-Americanism.

目次

List of Tables and Figures ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii A Note on Transliteration xv CHAPTER ONE Introduction: Pro- American Democracy or No Democracy at All? 1 The U.S. Strategic Approach to Democracy 3 Revisiting the Classical Models: Theoretical Limitations 12 Newer Democratization Debates 12 Revisiting State and Society Relations in Clientelistic Settings: Real Congruence versus Contrived Congruence 19 Empirical Realities: Jordan and Kuwait 21 U.S. Dominance in the Arab World 23 Anti-Americanism as the Independent Variable: Jordan and Kuwait 29 Scope Condition, Case- Selection Strategy, Data, and Evidence 34 Appendix: Human Development Index Scores and Jordan's Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate 36 CHAPTER TWO Becoming Jordan and Kuwait: The Making and Consolidating of U.S. Client Regimes 38 Jordan's History of Clientelistic Dependence 41 Post-World War II: Full Independence for Jordan but Continued Reliance on the British 43 Economic Devastation after the First Gulf War 46 Economic Progress and the Jordan- Israeli Peace Treaty, 1994 48 Continued Military and Economic Assistance: Increased Dependency 52 Kuwait's History of Clientelistic Dependence 54 The Iraqi Occupation of Kuwait and the Limits of Pan-Arabism 57 CHAPTER THREE Islamist Momentum in the Arab World: Jordan's Islamic Action Front and Kuwait's Islamic Constitutional Movement 63 Islamists and Anti- American Positions across the Arab World 64 The IAF and its Anti-American Positions 66 IAF Support 69 The 1994 Peace Treaty with Israel 73 Other Islamist Forces in Jordan 78 Regime- IAF Relations: Democracy in Retreat 79 U.S. Policy and Islamists: Pro- American Democracy or No Democracy at All? 86 Kuwait's Islamist Movement: A Pro-American Force 89 Islamists and Their Positions: Democratic Deepening in Kuwait 92 Democratic Successes and Advancements: Female Suffrage, Redistricting, and Succession 94 Regime- Islamist Relations in Kuwait 100 CHAPTER FOUR Engaging the Regime through the Lens of the United States: Citizens' Political Preferences 103 Causal Logics Citizens Employ When Engaging Possibilities of Regime Change 104 Support for the Monarchy and U.S. Clientelism: Jordan 106 Support for the Monarchy and U.S. Clientelism: Kuwait 113 Supporting the Regime versus Supporting Democracy: Jordan 116 Supporting the Regime versus Supporting Democracy: Kuwait 121 The Geopolitics of Support for Shari'a: Different Islamic Worldviews in Jordan and Kuwait 128 Exploring Alternative Explanations 134 Conclusion 136 Appendix: Open- Ended Questionnaire Administered in Jordan, Kuwait, and Morocco 137 CHAPTER FIVE Support for Democracy and Authoritarianism: The Geostrategic Utility of Cooperative Leadership 142 Jordanian and Kuwaiti Engagements with Security, Democracy, and Authoritarianism 144 Main Argument: Given Dependence on the United States, Opposition Opinion and Mobilization Strategies Matter 147 Islamism and Anti-Americanism 153 Anti Americanism and Support for Democracy or Authoritarianism 155 Appendix: Macro-micro Synthesis-- The Relationship between Attitudes and Regime Outcomes 166 CHAPTER SIX Morocco: Support for the Status Quo 174 Moroccan International Clientelism 175 Islamist Positions in Morocco 177 Anti-American Sentiment 178 Islamist Popularity and Positions 180 Voices from within: Political Engagement and the Regime in Morocco 182 U.S. Responses to the Islamists in Morocco 190 CHAPTER SEVEN Palestine and Saudi Arabia and the Limits of Democracy 191 Fatah's Decline and the Victory of Hamas 193 The U.S. Response to Hamas 198 Why Did the Palestinians Vote for Hamas? 199 Saudi Arabia and Its Status Quo Advantage 203 Islamist Positions in Saudi Arabia 208 Regime Responses, the Reform Movement, and the United States 211 The Role of the United States 214 Conclusion 219 Appendix: Questions from the PSR Poll 220 CHAPTER EIGHT The Influence of International Context on Domestic- Level Models of Regime Transition and Democratic Consolidation 221 Theorizing about Nonclient Regimes 223 Egypt's Future Democratic Consolidation 224 The Clash of Civilizations and the Search for Liberal and Secular Democrats 227 Iran's Influence 231 Possible Paths Forward 232 Ignoring Arab Public Opinion and the Islamist Response 233 The Lesson of Latin America 238 Reassessing U.S. Policies in the Arab World 239 From Bush to Obama 241 Where Do We Go Next? 242 Bibliography 245 Index 267

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