A history of the English language
著者
書誌事項
A history of the English language
Pearson, c2013
6th ed
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Comprehensive and balanced, this classic exploration of the history of the English language combines internal linguistic history and external cultural history-from the Middle Ages to the present. Students are encouraged to develop both an understanding of present-day English and an enlightened attitude toward questions affecting the language today.
目次
Preface
1 English Present and Future
1.*The History of the English Language a Cultural Subject.**2. Influences at Work on Language.**3. Growth and Decay.**4. The Importance of a Language.**5. The Importance of English.**6. The Future of the English Language: Demography.**7. External and Internal Aspects of English.**8. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary.**9. Inflectional Simplicity.**10. Natural Gender.
2 The Indo-European Family of Languages
11. Language Constantly Changing.**12. Dialectal Differentiation. 13. The Discovery of Sanskrit.**14. Grimm's Law.**15. The Indo-European Family.**16. Indian.**17. Iranian. 18. Armenian.**19. Hellenic.**20. Albanian.**21. Italic.* 22. Balto-Slavic.**23. Germanic.**24. Celtic.**25. Twentieth-century Discoveries. 26. The Home of the Indo-Europeans.
3 Old English
27. The Languages in England before English.**28. The Romans in Britain.**29. The Roman Conquest.**30. Romanization of the Island.**31. The Latin Language in Britain.**32. The Germanic Conquest.**33. Anglo-Saxon Civilization.**34. The Names "England" and "English."**35. The Origin and Position of English.**36. The Periods in the History of English.**37. The Dialects of Old English.**38. Old English Pronunciation.**39. Old English Vocabulary.**40. Old English Grammar.**41. The Noun.**42. Grammatical Gender.**43. The Adjective.**44. The Definite Article.**45. The Personal Pronoun.**46. The Verb.**47. The Language Illustrated.**48. The Resourcefulness of the Old English Vocabulary.**49. Self-explaining Compounds.**50. Prefixes and Suffixes.**51. Syntax and Style.**52. Old English Literature.
4 Foreign Influences on Old English
53. The Contact of English with Other Languages.**54. The Celtic Influence.**55. Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwords.**56. Three Latin Influences on Old English.**57. Chronological Criteria.**58. Continental Borrowing (Latin Influence of the Zero Period).**59. Latin through Celtic Transmission (Latin Influence of the First Period).**60. Lat in Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain.**61. Effects of Christianity on English Civilization.**62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.**63. The Benedictine Reform.**64. Influence of the Benedictine Reform on English.**65. The Application of Native Words to New Concepts.**66. The Extent of the Influence.**67. The Scandinavian Influence: The Viking Age.**68. The Scandinavian Invasions of England.**69. The Settlement of the Danes in England.**70. The Amalgamation of the Two Peoples.**71. The Relation of the Two Languages.**72. The Tests of Borrowed Words.**73. Scandinavian Place-Names.**74. The Earliest Borrowing.**75. Scandinavian Loanwords and Their Character.**76. The Relation of Borrowed and Native Words.**77. Form Words.**78. Scandinavian Influence outside the Standard Speech.**79. Effect on Grammar and Syntax.**80. Period and Extent of the Influence.
5 The Norman Conquest and the Subjection of English, 1066-1200
81. The Norman Conquest.**82. The Origin of Normandy.**83. The Year 1066.**84. The Norman Settlement.**85. The Use of French by the Upper Class.**86. Circumstances Promoting the Continued Use of French.**87. The Attitude toward English.**88. French Literature at the English Court.**89. Fusion of the Two Peoples.**90. The Diffusion of French and English.**91. Knowledge of English among the Upper Class.**92. Knowledge of French among the Middle Class.
6 The Reestablishment of English, 1200-1500
93. Changing Conditions after 1200.**94. The Loss of Normandy.**95. Separation of the French and English Nobility.**96. French Reinforcements.**97. The Reaction against Foreigners and the Growth of National Feeling.**98. French Cultural Ascendancy in Europe.**99. English and French in the Thirteenth Century.**100. Attempts to Arrest the Decline of French.**101. Provincial Character of French in England.**102. The Hundred Years' War.**103. The Rise of the Middle Class.**104. General Adoption of English in the Fourteenth Century.**105. English in the Law Courts.**106. English in the Schools.**107. Increasing Ignorance of French in the Fifteenth Century.**108. French as a Language of Culture and Fashion.**109. The Use of English in Writing.**110. Middle English Literature.
7 Middle English
111. Middle English a Period of Great Change.**112. From Old to Middle English.**113. The Decay of Inflectional Endings.**114. The Noun.**115. The Adjective.**116. The Pronoun.**117. The Verb.**118. Losses among the Strong Verbs.**119. Strong Verbs That Became Weak.**120. Survival of Strong Participles.**121. Surviving Strong Verbs.**122. Loss of Grammatical Gender.**123. Middle English Syntax.**124. French Influence on the Vocabulary.**125. Governmental and Administrative Words.**126. Ecclesiastical Words.**127. Law.**128. Army and Navy.**129. Fashion, Meals, and Social Life.**130. Art, Learning, Medicine.**131. Breadth of the French Influence.**132. Anglo-Norman and Central French.**133. Popular and Literary Borrowings.**134. The Period of Greatest Influence.**135. Assimilation.**136. Loss of Native Words.**137. Differentiation in Meaning.**138. Curtailment of OE Processes of Derivation.**139. Prefixes.**140. Suffixes.**141. Self-explaining Compounds.**142. The Language Still English.**143. Latin Borrowings in Middle English.**144. Aureate Terms.**145. Synonyms at Three Levels.**146. Words from the Low Countries.**147. Dialectal Diversity of Middle English.**148. The Middle English Dialects.**149. The Rise of Standard English.**150. The Importance of London English. **151. The Spread of the London Standard.**152. Complete Uniformity Still Unattained.
8 The Renaissance, 1500-1650
153. From Middle English to Modern.**154. The Great Vowel Shift**155. Weakening of Unaccented Vowels.**156. Changing Conditions in the Modern Period.**157. Effect upon Grammar and Vocabulary.**158. The Problems of the Vernaculars.**159. The Struggle for Recognition.**160. The Problem of Orthography.**161. The Problem of Enrichment.**162. The Opposition to Inkhorn Terms.**163. The Defense of Borrowing.**164. Compromise.**165. Permanent Additions.**166. Adaptation.**167. Reintroductions and New Meanings.**168. Rejected Words.**169. Reinforcement through French.**170. Words from the Romance Languages.**171. The Method of Introducing the New Words.**172. Enrichment from Native Sources.**173. Methods of Interpreting the New Words.**174. Dictionaries of Hard Words.**175. Nature and Extent of the Movement.**176. The Movement Illustrated in Shakespeare.**177 . Shakespeare's Pronunciation.**178. Changes Shown through Corpus Linguistics.**179. Grammatical Features**180. The Noun.**181. The Adjective.**182. The Pronoun.**183. The Verb.**184. Usage and Idiom.**185. General Characteristics of the Period.
9 The Appeal to Authority, 1650-1800
186. The Impact of the Seventeenth Century.**187. The Temper of the Eighteenth Century.**188. Its Reflection in the Attitude toward the Language.**189. "Ascertainment."**190. The Problem of "Refining" the Language.**191. The Desire to "Fix" the Language.**192. The Example of Italy and France.**193. An English Academy.**194. Swift's Proposal, 1712.**195. Objection to an Academy.**196. Substitutes for an Academy.**197. Johnson's Dictionary.**198. The Eighteenth-century Grammarians and Rhetoricians.**199. The Aims of the Grammarians.**200. The Beginnings of Prescriptive Grammar.**201. Methods of Approach.**202. The Doctrine of Usage.**203. Results.**204. Weakness of the Early Grammarians.**205. Attempts to Reform the Vocabulary.**206. Objection to Foreign Borrowings.**207. The Expansion of the British Empire.**208. Some Effects of Expansion on the Language.**209. Development of Progressive Verb Forms. **210. The Progressive Passive.
10 The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
211. Influences Affecting the Language.**212. The Growth of Science.**213. Automobile, Film, Broadcasting, Computer.**214. The World Wars.**215. Language as a Mirror of Progress.**216. Sources of the New Words: Borrowings.**217. Self-explaining Compounds.**218. Compounds Formed from Greek and Latin Elements.**219. Prefixes and Suffixes.**220. Coinages.**221. Common Words from Proper Names.**222. Old Words with New Meanings.**223. The Influence of Journalism.**224. Changes of Meaning.**225. Slang.**226. Register.**227. Accent.**228. British and Irish English.**229. English World-Wide.**230. Pidgins and Creoles.**231. Spelling Reform.**232. Purist Efforts.**233. Gender Issues and Linguistic Change.**234. The Oxford English Dictionary.**235. Grammatical Tendencies.**236. Verb-adverb Combinations.**237. A Liberal Creed.
11 The English Language in America
238. The Settlement of America.**239. The Thirteen Colonies.**240. The Middle West.**241. The Far West.**242. Uniformity of American English.**243. Archaic Features in American English.**244. Early Changes in the Vocabulary.**245. National Consciousness**246. Noah Webster and an American Language.**247. Webster's Influence on American Spelling. **248. Webster's Influence on American Pronunciation.**249. Pronunciation.**250. The American Dialects.**251. The Controversy over Americanisms.**252. The Purist Attitude.**253. Present Differentiation of Vocabulary.**254. American Words in General English.**255. Scientific Interest in American English.**256. American English and World English.
12 The Twenty-first Century
257. The Future of English: Three Circles.**258. How Many Speakers?**259. Cross-linguistic Influence and the Spread of Languages.**260. The Relative Difficulty of Languages.**261. Chinese as a Competitor.**262. India and the Second Circle.**263. The Expanding Circle.**264. Coming Full Circle.
Appendix A**Specimens of the Middle English Dialects
Appendix B**English Spelling
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