The sounds of language : an introduction to phonetics and phonology
著者
書誌事項
The sounds of language : an introduction to phonetics and phonology
（Linguistics in the world）
Wiley-Blackwell, c2013
- : hbk
- : pbk
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
- 巻冊次
-
: pbk ISBN 9781405191036
内容説明
The Sounds of Language is an introductory guide to the linguistic study of speech sounds, which provides uniquely balanced coverage of both phonology and phonetics.
Features exercises and problem sets, as well as supporting online resources at www.wiley.com/go/zsiga, including additional discussion questions and exercises, as well as links to further resources such as sound files, video files, and useful websites
Creates opportunities for students to practice data analysis and hypothesis testing
Integrates data on sociolinguistic variation, first language acquisition, and second language learning
Explores diverse topics ranging from the practical, such as how to make good digital recordings, make a palatogram, solve a phoneme/allophone problem, or read a spectrogram; to the theoretical, including the role of markedness in linguistic theory, the necessity of abstraction, features and formal notation, issues in speech perception as distinct from hearing, and modelling sociolinguistic and other variations
Organized specifically to fit the needs of undergraduate students of phonetics and phonology, and is structured in a way which enables instructors to use the text both for a single semester phonetics and phonology course or for a two-course sequence
目次
Preface xv 1 The Vocal Tract 1
1.1 Seeing the vocal tract: tools for speech research 2
1.2 Parts of the vocal tract 5
Chapter summary 11
Further reading 11
Review exercises 12
Further analysis and discussion 13
Go online 13
References 13
2 Basics of Articulation: Manner and Place in English 14
2.1 The dance of the articulators 15
2.2 Phonetic transcription 16
2.3 The building blocks of speech 20
Chapter summary 29
Further reading 29
Review exercises 30
Further analysis and discussion 32
Go online 32
3 A Tour of the Consonants 33
3.1 Exotic sounds and the phonetic environment 34
3.2 Pulmonic consonants 37
3.3 Non-pulmonic consonants 45
3.4 Positional variation in English 48
Chapter summary 51
Further reading 52
Review exercises 52
Further analysis and discussion 53
Go online 54
References 54
4 A Map of the Vowels 55
4.1 The landscape 56
4.2 Cardinal vowels 57
4.3 Building inventories: dimensions of vowel quality 59
4.4 Nasality and voice quality 66
4.5 Length and diphthongs 67
4.6 Tone 68
4.7 Positional variants of the vowels of English 70
Chapter summary 71
Further reading 71
Review exercises 72
Further analysis and discussion 73
Further research 74
References 74
5 Anatomy, Physiology, and Gestural Coordination 76
5.1 Anatomy and physiology of respiration 77
5.2 Anatomy and physiology of the larynx 79
5.3 Anatomy of the supralaryngeal vocal tract 85
5.4 Coordination of gestures 89
5.5 Palatography 91
Chapter summary 94
Further reading 95
Review exercises 96
Further analysis and discussion 97
Go online 98
6 The Physics of Sound: Pendulums, Pebbles, and Waves 99
6.1 What is sound? 100
6.2 Simple harmonic motion: a pendulum and a tuning fork 102
6.3 Adding sinuosoids: complex waves 105
6.4 Sound propagation 108
6.5 Decibels 110
6.6 Resonance 111
6.7 The vocal tract as a sound-producing device: source-filter theory 114
Chapter summary 116
Further reading 116
Review exercises 117
Further analysis and discussion 118
Go online 118
7 Looking at Speech: Waveforms, Spectra, and Spectrograms 119
7.1 Pre-digital speech 120
7.2 Digitization 122
7.3 Looking at waveforms 129
7.4 Spectra 131
7.5 Spectrograms 137
Chapter summary 142
Further reading 143
Review exercises 144
Further analysis and discussion 144
Go online 148
References 148
8 Speech Analysis: Under the Hood 149
8.1 Building sounds up 150
8.2 Breaking sounds down 160
Chapter summary 169
Further reading 170
Review exercises 170
Further analysis and discussion 171
Go online 172
References 172
9 Hearing and Speech Perception 173
9.1 Anatomy and physiology of the ear 174
9.2 Neuro-anatomy 181
9.3 Speech perception 186
Chapter summary 194
Further reading 195
Review exercises 195
Further analysis and discussion 196
Go online 197
References 197
10 Phonology 1: Abstraction, Contrast, Predictability 198
10.1 The necessity of abstraction 199
10.2 Contrast and predictability: phonemes and allophones 203
10.3 Some complicating factors 211
10.4 Biuniqueness, Behaviorism, and the decline of phonemic analysis 214
Chapter summary 216
Further reading 216
Review exercises 216
Further analysis and discussion 217
Further research 219
Go online 219
References 219
11 Phonotactics and Alternations 221
11.1 Phonotactic constraints 222
11.2 Analyzing alternations 225
11.3 Alternations: what to expect 232
Chapter summary 246
Further reading 246
Review exercises 246
Further analysis and discussion 248
Go online 250
References 250
12 What Is Possible Language?: Distinctive Features 253
12.1 Introduction 254
12.2 Distinctive features 257
12.3 How have our hypotheses fared? 270
Chapter summary 271
Further reading 272
Review exercises 272
Further analysis and discussion 272
Further research 274
Go online 274
References 274
13 Rules and Derivations in Generative Grammar 275
13.1 Generative grammars 276
13.2 Underlying representations 277
13.3 Writing rules 279
13.4 Autosegmental representations and feature geometry 284
13.5 How have our hypotheses fared? 298
Chapter summary 299
Further reading 299
Review exercises 300
Further analysis and discussion 300
Further research 303
Go online 303
References 303
14 Constraint-based Phonology 304
14.1 Constraints and rules in linguistic theory 305
14.2 The basics of Optimality Theory 309
14.3 Example problem solving in OT 314
14.4 Challenges and directions for future research 322
Chapter summary 324
Further reading 325
Review exercises 325
Further analysis and discussion 325
Further research 329
Go online 329
References 329
15 Syllables and Prosodic Domains 330
15.1 Syllables 331
15.2 The prosodic hierarchy 341
Chapter summary 348
Further reading 348
Review exercises 349
Further analysis and discussion 350
Further research 000
References 351
16 Stress 353
16.1 What is linguistic stress? 354
16.2 Cross-linguistic typology 356
16.3 A feature for stress? 360
16.4 Metrical structure 360
16.5 Stress in English 365
Chapter summary 370
Further reading 371
Review exercises 371
Further analysis and discussion 372
Further research 374
Go online 374
References 374
17 Tone and Intonation 375
17.1 Tone 376
17.2 Intonation 392
Chapter summary 397
Further reading 397
Review exercises 398
Further analysis and discussion 399
Further research 399
Go online 400
References 400
18 Diachronic Change 401
18.1 Languages change 402
18.2 Historical reconstruction 408
18.3 History of the sounds of English 415
Chapter summary 422
Further reading 422
Review exercises 423
Further analysis and discussion 423
Further research 423
Go online 425
References 425
19 Variation 426
19.1 Variation by place 428
19.2 Other sources of variation 437
19.3 Formalizing variation 441
Chapter summary 444
Further reading 445
Review exercises 445
Further analysis and discussion 446
Further research 446
Go online 446
References 446
20 Acquisition and Learning 447
20.1 Language Acquisition and Language Learning 448
20.2 Child language acquisition: the data 448
20.3 Theories of L1 acquisition 454
20.4 L2 Learning 457
20.5 Acquisition, Learning, and Linguistic Theory 461
Chapter summary 462
Further reading 462
Review exercises 462
Further analysis and discussion 464
Further research 464
Go online 464
References 464
Index 465
- 巻冊次
-
: hbk ISBN 9781405191043
内容説明
The Sounds of Language is an introductory guide to the linguistic study of speech sounds, which provides uniquely balanced coverage of both phonology and phonetics. Features exercises and problem sets, as well as supporting online resources at www.wiley.com/go/zsiga , including additional discussion questions and exercises, as well as links to further resources such as sound files, video files, and useful websites Creates opportunities for students to practice data analysis and hypothesis testing Integrates data on sociolinguistic variation, first language acquisition, and second language learning Explores diverse topics ranging from the practical, such as how to make good digital recordings, make a palatogram, solve a phoneme/allophone problem, or read a spectrogram; to the theoretical, including the role of markedness in linguistic theory, the necessity of abstraction, features and formal notation, issues in speech perception as distinct from hearing, and modelling sociolinguistic and other variations Organized specifically to fit the needs of undergraduate students of phonetics and phonology, and is structured in a way which enables instructors to use the text both for a single semester phonetics and phonology course or for a two-course sequence
目次
Preface xv 1 The Vocal Tract 1 1.1 Seeing the vocal tract: tools for speech research 2 1.2 Parts of the vocal tract 5 Chapter summary 11 Further reading 11 Review exercises 12 Further analysis and discussion 13 Go online 13 References 13 2 Basics of Articulation: Manner and Place in English 14 2.1 The dance of the articulators 15 2.2 Phonetic transcription 16 2.3 The building blocks of speech 20 Chapter summary 29 Further reading 29 Review exercises 30 Further analysis and discussion 32 Go online 32 3 A Tour of the Consonants 33 3.1 Exotic sounds and the phonetic environment 34 3.2 Pulmonic consonants 37 3.3 Non-pulmonic consonants 45 3.4 Positional variation in English 48 Chapter summary 51 Further reading 52 Review exercises 52 Further analysis and discussion 53 Go online 54 References 54 4 A Map of the Vowels 55 4.1 The landscape 56 4.2 Cardinal vowels 57 4.3 Building inventories: dimensions of vowel quality 59 4.4 Nasality and voice quality 66 4.5 Length and diphthongs 67 4.6 Tone 68 4.7 Positional variants of the vowels of English 70 Chapter summary 71 Further reading 71 Review exercises 72 Further analysis and discussion 73 Further research 74 References 74 5 Anatomy, Physiology, and Gestural Coordination 76 5.1 Anatomy and physiology of respiration 77 5.2 Anatomy and physiology of the larynx 79 5.3 Anatomy of the supralaryngeal vocal tract 85 5.4 Coordination of gestures 89 5.5 Palatography 91 Chapter summary 94 Further reading 95 Review exercises 96 Further analysis and discussion 97 Go online 98 6 The Physics of Sound: Pendulums, Pebbles, and Waves 99 6.1 What is sound? 100 6.2 Simple harmonic motion: a pendulum and a tuning fork 102 6.3 Adding sinuosoids: complex waves 105 6.4 Sound propagation 108 6.5 Decibels 110 6.6 Resonance 111 6.7 The vocal tract as a sound-producing device: source-filter theory 114 Chapter summary 116 Further reading 116 Review exercises 117 Further analysis and discussion 118 Go online 118 7 Looking at Speech: Waveforms, Spectra, and Spectrograms 119 7.1 Pre-digital speech 120 7.2 Digitization 122 7.3 Looking at waveforms 129 7.4 Spectra 131 7.5 Spectrograms 137 Chapter summary 142 Further reading 143 Review exercises 144 Further analysis and discussion 144 Go online 148 References 148 8 Speech Analysis: Under the Hood 149 8.1 Building sounds up 150 8.2 Breaking sounds down 160 Chapter summary 169 Further reading 170 Review exercises 170 Further analysis and discussion 171 Go online 172 References 172 9 Hearing and Speech Perception 173 9.1 Anatomy and physiology of the ear 174 9.2 Neuro-anatomy 181 9.3 Speech perception 186 Chapter summary 194 Further reading 195 Review exercises 195 Further analysis and discussion 196 Go online 197 References 197 10 Phonology 1: Abstraction, Contrast, Predictability 198 10.1 The necessity of abstraction 199 10.2 Contrast and predictability: phonemes and allophones 203 10.3 Some complicating factors 211 10.4 Biuniqueness, Behaviorism, and the decline of phonemic analysis 214 Chapter summary 216 Further reading 216 Review exercises 216 Further analysis and discussion 217 Further research 219 Go online 219 References 219 11 Phonotactics and Alternations 221 11.1 Phonotactic constraints 222 11.2 Analyzing alternations 225 11.3 Alternations: what to expect 232 Chapter summary 246 Further reading 246 Review exercises 246 Further analysis and discussion 248 Go online 250 References 250 12 What Is Possible Language?: Distinctive Features 253 12.1 Introduction 254 12.2 Distinctive features 257 12.3 How have our hypotheses fared? 270 Chapter summary 271 Further reading 272 Review exercises 272 Further analysis and discussion 272 Further research 274 Go online 274 References 274 13 Rules and Derivations in Generative Grammar 275 13.1 Generative grammars 276 13.2 Underlying representations 277 13.3 Writing rules 279 13.4 Autosegmental representations and feature geometry 284 13.5 How have our hypotheses fared? 298 Chapter summary 299 Further reading 299 Review exercises 300 Further analysis and discussion 300 Further research 303 Go online 303 References 303 14 Constraint-based Phonology 304 14.1 Constraints and rules in linguistic theory 305 14.2 The basics of Optimality Theory 309 14.3 Example problem solving in OT 314 14.4 Challenges and directions for future research 322 Chapter summary 324 Further reading 325 Review exercises 325 Further analysis and discussion 325 Further research 329 Go online 329 References 329 15 Syllables and Prosodic Domains 330 15.1 Syllables 331 15.2 The prosodic hierarchy 341 Chapter summary 348 Further reading 348 Review exercises 349 Further analysis and discussion 350 Further research 000 References 351 16 Stress 353 16.1 What is linguistic stress? 354 16.2 Cross-linguistic typology 356 16.3 A feature for stress? 360 16.4 Metrical structure 360 16.5 Stress in English 365 Chapter summary 370 Further reading 371 Review exercises 371 Further analysis and discussion 372 Further research 374 Go online 374 References 374 17 Tone and Intonation 375 17.1 Tone 376 17.2 Intonation 392 Chapter summary 397 Further reading 397 Review exercises 398 Further analysis and discussion 399 Further research 399 Go online 400 References 400 18 Diachronic Change 401 18.1 Languages change 402 18.2 Historical reconstruction 408 18.3 History of the sounds of English 415 Chapter summary 422 Further reading 422 Review exercises 423 Further analysis and discussion 423 Further research 423 Go online 425 References 425 19 Variation 426 19.1 Variation by place 428 19.2 Other sources of variation 437 19.3 Formalizing variation 441 Chapter summary 444 Further reading 445 Review exercises 445 Further analysis and discussion 446 Further research 446 Go online 446 References 446 20 Acquisition and Learning 447 20.1 Language Acquisition and Language Learning 448 20.2 Child language acquisition: the data 448 20.3 Theories of L1 acquisition 454 20.4 L2 Learning 457 20.5 Acquisition, Learning, and Linguistic Theory 461 Chapter summary 462 Further reading 462 Review exercises 462 Further analysis and discussion 464 Further research 464 Go online 464 References 464 Index 465
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