CiNii 図書 - Nutritional management of renal disease

This translational text offers in-depth reviews of the metabolic and nutritional disorders that are prevalent in patients with renal disease. Chapter topics address the growing epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Each chapter integrates basic and clinical approaches, from cell biology and genetics to diagnosis, patient management and treatment. Chapters in sections 4-7 include new illustrative case reports, and all chapters emphasize key concepts with chapter-ending summaries. New features also include the latest National Kidney Foundation Clinical Practice Guidelines on Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure, the most recent scientific discoveries and the latest techniques for assessing nutritional status in renal disease, and literature reviews on patients who receive continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with or without dialysis.

Chapter 1. The Influence of Kidney Disease on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism Introduction CKD Interrupts the Components of Protein Metabolism Defining Muscle Wasting Mechanisms of Muscle Wasting The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Synergism of Proteolytic Pathways Causes Muscle Wasting in CKD Proteolytic Activities Present in Muscles of Patients Factors Triggering Muscle Wasting in CKD and Other Catabolic States Myostatin and the Regulation of Muscle Protein Wasting Myostatin in Muscle Increases in Catabolic Conditions Beneficial Responses from Blocking Myostatin in Models of Muscle Catabolism Blocking Myostatin can Suppress CKD-Induced Muscle Wasting CKD Changes the Concentrations of Certain Amino Acids Links Between Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism Conclusion References Chapter 2. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure Introduction Insulin Resistance Insulin Secretion Insulin Clearance Hypoglycemia Carbohydrate Metabolism in Patients with Renal Replacement Therapy Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in Diabetics with CKD Drug Management in Diabetics with CKD (Figure 2.1) References Chapter 3. Altered Lipid Metabolism and Serum Lipids in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure Introduction Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Profile in CKD/ESRD Patients The Nature and Mechanisms of CKD-Induced Lipid Abnormalities The Nature and Mechanisms of Adverse Effects of Lipid Disorders in CKD Treatment of CKD-Associated Dyslipidemia Potential Adverse Effects of Statins References Chapter 4. Uremic Toxicity Introduction Uremic Symptoms and Signs Toxic Effects of Uremic Plasma or Serum Definition of a Uremic Toxin Impact of Dialysis Treatment on Uremic Toxicity Toxicity of Inorganic Substances in Uremia Free Water-Soluble Low-Molecular-Weight Solutes Protein-Bound Solutes Middle Molecules General Conclusions Acknowledgement References Chapter 5. Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease General Considerations Multifactorial Causes of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease Inflammation as a Cause of Protein-Energy Wasting Inflammation as a Catalyst of Other Risk Factors Other Consequences of Inflammation Monitoring Inflammation Treatment of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease References Chapter 6. Catalytic (Labile) Iron in Kidney Disease Introduction Definition of Catalytic (Labile) Iron and its Importance in Tissue Injury Role of Catalytic Iron in Acute Kidney Injury Gentamicin-Induced Mobilization of Iron From Renal Cortical Mitochondria Evidence Suggesting a Role for Iron in Gentamicin-Induced Acute Renal Failure in Rats Catalytic Iron in Chronic Kidney Disease (Table 6.3) Catalytic Iron in Diabetic Nephropathy Catalytic Iron in Chronic Kidney Disease Concluding Comments References Chapter 7. Carbonyl Stress in Uremia Introduction Increased Age and other Protein Modifications Carbonyl Stress Clinical Consequences of Carbonyl Stress Nutrition and Carbonyl Stress References Chapter 8. Effect of Acidemia and Alkalemia on Nutrition and Metabolism Introduction Acute Responses to Acidosis and Alkalosis Comparing Effects of Acidemia to those of Starvation Endocrine Responses to Acidemia Calcium Metabolism Protein Malnutrition Metabolic Acidemia Stimulates the Ubiquitin/Proteasome Proteolytic Pathway Clinical Implications of Acidemia for Protein Nutrition References Chapter 9. Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure Introduction Cardiovascular Risk Factors Management of CVD Conclusion References Chapter 10. Assessment of Protein and Energy Nutritional Status Introduction Definition of Protein and Energy Wasting Assessment of Protein Mass Assessment of Protein and Energy Homeostasis Summary and Recommendations References Chapter 11. Causes of Protein-Energy Wasting in Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction Causes of Pew in CKD Pathophysiology of Pew in CKD Endocrine and Hormonal Disorders Effect of Volume Overload Contribution of Co-Morbidities Altered Protein Kinetics in CKD Nutrient Loss During Dialysis Inflammation: Agent Provocateur of Pew Role of Metabolic Acidemia Oxidative Stress: Other Key Pathways Summary and Conclusion References Chapter 12. Protein-Energy Wasting as a Risk Factor of Morbidity and Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction Pertinent Outcomes in Patients with CKD Association of Measures of Nutrition with Outcomes Nutrient Intake and Outcomes Body Size, Body Composition and Outcomes Laboratory Measures and Outcome Nutritional Scoring Systems and Outcomes Nutritional Interventions and Outcomes Conclusions References Chapter 13. Effect of Nutritional Status and Changes in Protein Intake on Renal Function Introduction Role of Specific AA Factors Mediating the Renal Response to Protein and Amino Acids Humoral Mediators Local Mediators Intrinsic Renal Mechanisms Effects of Nutritional Status or Protein Deprivation on Renal Function Levels of Plasma Creatinine and Serum Urea Nitrogen in Patients with Protein-Energy Malnutrition Concentration and Dilution of the Urine in Patients with Protein-Energy Malnutrition Acid Excretion and Acid-Base Balance in Patients with Calorie-Protein Malnutrition Effects of Chronic Protein-Energy Malnutrition on Renal Sodium Excretion Effects of Maternal Nutrition on Renal Development Protein Energy Wasting in Advanced Renal Disease References Chapter 14. Low Protein, Amino Acid and Ketoacid Diets to Slow the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and Improve Metabolic Control of Uremia Introduction Assessing the Progression of Chronic Renal Insufficiency Protein Intake and Chronic Renal Insufficiency: Experimental Data Dietary Protein Intake: Clinical Studies Clinical Evidence of the Effects of Low Protein Diets Conclusion References Chapter 15. Reducing Tryptophan Metabolites to Reduce Progression in Chronic Kidney Failure Search for Uremic Toxins Metabolism of Indoxyl Sulfate, a Tryptophan Metabolite Protein Metabolite Theory as a Mechanism of CKD Progression Indoxyl Sulfate Induces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Kidney Role of Organic Anion Transporters in Nephrotoxicity of Indoxyl Sulfate Indoxyl Sulfate Reduces Klotho and Induces Senescence in the Kidney Vascular Toxicity of Indoxyl Sulfate Clinical Effects of AST-120 Conclusion References Chapter 16. Altering Serum Lipids to Reduce Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease Kidney Disease and Dyslipidemia Lipid Lowering and Pleiotropic Effects of Statins Statins in Experimental Kidney Disease Effects of Dyslipidemia and Statins on the Progression of Kidney Disease in Human Subjects References Chapter 17. Disorders of Phosphorus Homeostasis: Emerging Targets for Slowing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction Role of Dietary Phosphorus Intake in Disturbances of Mineral Metabolism in CKD Disorders of Phosphorus Homeostasis and Kidney Disease Progression Dietary Phosphorus Restriction in CKD: Practical Considerations Moving Forward Conclusions References Chapter 18. Alkalinization to Retard Progression of Chronic Kidney Failure Epidemiology of Metabolic Acidosis in Kidney Disease Mechanism of Acidosis in CKD Animal Models of Kidney Damage With Acidosis Animal Models of Treatment Observational Studies in Humans Recommendations References Chapter 19. Calcium, Phosphate, PTH, Vitamin D and FGF-23 in Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction Calcium Metabolism Vitamin D Phosphate Metabolism Parathyroid Hormone Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF-23) Alterations in Mineral Metabolism in Ckd Phosphate and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Phosphate and Vascular Calcifications Control of Serum Phosphate in CKD Dietary Phosphorus Restriction Inorganic Phosphorus and Food Additives Dietary Phosphorus, Protein Intake and Phosphorus-Protein Ratio Phosphorus Removal With Dialysis Phosphate Binders Therapy With Vitamin D Sterols Calcimimetics Conclusion References Chapter 20. Phosphate Metabolism and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction Phosphate Metabolism in Health Phosphate Metabolism Across the Spectrum of CKD The Role of Phosphate and FGF-23 Excess in the Pathophysiology of CKD Outcomes Therapeutic Approaches to Lowering Phosphate and FGF-23 Excess Impact of Dietary Phosphate on Phosphate/FGF-23 Excess Questions and Controversies Conclusions Acknowledgments Disclosures References Chapter 21. Vitamin D in Kidney Disease Normal Vitamin D Metabolism Prevalence and Etiology of Deficiency in The Vitamin D Axis in CKD Implications Interventions Other Compounds Therapeutic Considerations Summary Acknowledgement References Chapter 22. Nutritional Management of Water, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Magnesium in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure Sodium and Chloride Water Potassium Magnesium References Chapter 23. Trace Elements, Toxic Metals, and Metalloids in Kidney Disease Introduction Alterations in Essential Trace Elements in Patients With Kidney Disease Alterations in Nonessential Trace Elements, Metals, and Metalloids in Patients With Kidney Disease Trace Element Abnormalities in Renal-Specific Syndromes Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches Conclusions References Chapter 24. Vitamin Metabolism and Requirements in Renal Disease and Renal Failure Introduction Structure and Physiological Role of Vitamins Vitamin Intake in Chronic Renal Disease Vitamins Status in Chronic Renal Disease Vitamins as Therapy for People with Kidney Disease Recommendations for Vitamin Supplementation and Vitamin Therapy in Renal Diseases Conclusions References Chapter 25. Nutrition and Anemia in End-stage Renal Disease Introduction Iron Vitamin C Vitamin D Folic Acid Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Vitamin B12 Carnitine Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) References Chapter 26. Nutritional and Non-nutritional Management of the Nephrotic Syndrome Introduction Dietary Protein Albumin Homeostasis in the Nephrotic Syndrome Dietary Protein and Renal Injury Effects of the Nephrotic Syndrome on Solid Tissue Proteins Dietary Proteins as Potential Allergens Responsible for Renal Disease Dietary Fat The Effect of Altered Glomerular Permselectivity on Lipid Metabolism Cardiovascular Effects of Hyperlipidemia in the Nephrotic Syndrome Thromboembolic Complications Effects of Lipids on Renal Disease Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Derangements in Divalent Cation Metabolism in the Nephrotic Syndrome Derangements in Salt and Water Metabolism in the Nephrotic Syndrome (Volume Homeostasis) Recommendations for Nutritional and Non-Nutritional Treatment of the Nephrotic Syndrome Acknowledgements References Chapter 27. Nutrition and Blood Pressure Introduction Obesity and Energy Intake Individual Nutrients, Miscellaneous Substances and Blood Pressure Nutritional Management Strategies for The Prevention or Treatment of Hypertension Health Enhancing Diets and Lifestyles Long-Term Adherence and Blood Pressure Responses to Health Enhancing Lifestyles Challenges to Diet and Lifestyle Approaches for Preventing and Treating Hypertension Conclusions and Recommendations Key Points References Chapter 28. Effect of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome on Incident Kidney Disease and the Progression to Chronic Kidney Failure Introduction Definitions of Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome as Risk Factors for Incident CKD Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome as Risk Factors for Progression of CKD Pathophysiology of Obesity on the Kidney Effect of Weight Loss Interventions on Kidney Disease Conclusion References Chapter 29. Nutritional and Metabolic Management of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in the Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction Obesity-Related Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy Measuring GFR Metabolic Syndrome Treatment of Obesity and Obesity-Related Kidney Disease Bariatric Surgery (see also Chapter 28) Metabolic Syndrome References Chapter 30. Bariatric Surgery and Renal Disease Magnitude of Problem Pathogenesis of Obesity Clinical Manifestations Medical Therapy Role of Bariatric Surgery in Treatment of Morbid Obesity Surgical Techniques of Bariatric Surgery (see Figure 30.1) Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery Renal Disease and Morbid Obesity Pathogenesis of Renal Disease in Obesity Role of Bariatric Surgery in Chronic Kidney Disease Role of Bariatric Surgery in Transplant Candidates Bariatric Surgery and Nephrolithiasis Other Renal Effects of Bariatric Surgery Future Research References Chapter 31. Nutritional and Metabolic Management of the Diabetic Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease and Chronic Renal Failure Introduction Glucose/Insulin Homeostasis Value of Glycemic Control, and its Determination in CKD Hypoglycemia Diabetes/Bone and Mineral Metabolism Dietary Protein Intake and Diabetic Kidney Disease Salt Intake and Diabetic Kidney Disease References Chapter 32. Nutritional Management of Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients Introduction Factors Altering Nutrient Intake in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients Loss of Nutrients During Maintenance Hemodialysis Treatment Importance of Pew and Diet as Patients Approach Esrd and Commence MHD Assessment of Nutritional Status in MHD Patients Acidemia and Protein Wasting Goals of Nutritional Management of MHD Patients Dietary Nutrient Requirements (see Table 32.3) Management of Pew in MHD Patients Treatment of Acute Catabolic Illness Daily or Long Duration Hemodialysis and Nutritional Status References Chapter 33. Nutritional Management of End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Treated with Peritoneal Dialysis Introduction Type of Peritoneal Dialysis Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions Specific Effects of Peritoneal Dialysis on Nutritional Status and Metabolism Dietary Recommendations for ESRD Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis Protein-Energy Wasting in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Management of Protein-Energy Wasting in Patients Treated with Peritoneal Dialysis References Chapter 34. Nutritional Management of Kidney Transplant Recipients Introduction Anemia Bone Disease Diabetes Mellitus Dyslipidemia Hypertension Food Safety Hypophosphatemia Overweight/Obesity Malnutrition Protein and Energy Requirements Nutritional Management Pretransplant Status and Posttransplant Outcome Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 35. Nutritional Management of the Child with Kidney Disease Introduction Etiology of Protein-Energy Wasting Assessment of Nutritional Status Nutritional Requirements Bone Mineral Metabolism Acid-Base and Electrolytes Vitamins and Micronutrients Nutrition Management References Chapter 36. Nutritional Management of Acute Kidney Injury Introduction Metabolic Environment of the Patient with AKI Metabolic Alterations Specifically Attributable to AKI Metabolic Interventions of Controlling Catabolism Clinical Studies on Protein Catabolism in AKI Amino Acid/Protein Requirements in Patients with AKI Carbohydrate Metabolism Lipid Metabolism Micronutrients and the Antioxidant System in AKI Electrolytes Metabolic and Nutritional Factors and the Prevention and Therapy of AKI Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) on Metabolism and Nutrient Balances The Effect of Nutrition Status and Nutrient Supply on Prognosis Practice of Clinical Nutrition in Patients with AKI Oral Nutrition in Patients with AKI Nutritional Support in Patients with AKI Enteral Nutrition in AKI Parenteral Nutrition in AKI Complications of Nutritional Support Monitoring of Nutrition Support in Patient with AKI References Chapter 37. Nutritional Management of Patients Treated with Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Introduction Modes of CRRT Generic Effects of CRRT on Energy Metabolism Specific Effects on Nutrient Balance Recommendations on Nutritional Therapy Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 38. Anorexia and Appetite Stimulants in Chronic Kidney Disease General Considerations Prevalence of Anorexia, Methods of Assessment and Clinical Implications Pathogenesis of Anorexia in CKD Treatment of Anorexia in CKD References Chapter 39. Oral and Enteral Supplements in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure Introduction Oral and Enteral (Tube Feeding) Nutrition in CKD Patients Oral and Enteral Nutrition for Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome Oral and Enteral Nutrition in Chronic Dialysis Patients Oral and Enteral Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury Conclusions References Chapter 40. Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition, Intraperitoneal Nutrition and Nutritional Hemodialysis Introduction Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition (IDPN) Randomized Prospective Controlled Trials of IDPN Advantages and Disadvantages of IDPN Indications for IDPN IDPN in the United States Nutritional Hemodialysis and Intraperitoneal Nutrition References Chapter 41. Therapeutic Use of Growth Factors in Renal Disease Introduction Treatment of Protein-Energy Wasting (PEW) in ESRD Patients Therapeutic Use of Growth Factors in Renal Disease Growth Factors in the Management of Wasting in Renal Disease Conclusion References Chapter 42. Nutritional Prevention and Treatment of Kidney Stones Introduction Pathophysiology of Kidney Stone Formation General Dietary Effects on Kidney Stones Effect of Diet Based on Urinary Findings Dietary Recommendations Based on Stone Type Obesity and Kidney Stones Melamine Stones References Chapter 43. Herbal Supplements in Patients with Kidney Disease Introduction Acute Kidney Injury Chronic Kidney Disease Five Herbals with Some Proven Efficacy Transplant Clinical Implications References Chapter 44. Drug-Nutrient Interactions in Renal Failure Introduction Effect of Food Intake on Drug Absorption Effects of Nutrients on Drug Metabolism Interactions of Food Supplements with Drugs Drug-Induced Nutritional Deficiencies Taurine and ACE-Inhibitor Effects Nutrient Interactions with Oral Anticoagulants Interactions of Calcineurin Inhibitors with Nutrients Enteral Tube Feeding and Oral Drug Administration References Chapter 45. Exercise Training for Individuals with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction Characteristics of Advanced CKD Patients Value of Exercise and Physical Activity in Advanced CKD Principles of Exercise Training Patient Assessment Components of the Exercise Training Prescription Exercise Training Program Design for Patients with Advanced CKD Components of the Exercise Training Session Risks of Exercise in the Advanced CKD Patient Urgent Need for Development of Renal Rehabilitation Programs Summary References Chapter 46. Motivating the Kidney Disease Patient to Nutrition Adherence and Other Healthy Lifestyle Activities Introduction What is Motivational Interviewing? What isn't Motivational Interviewing? Principles Handling Resistance Empirical Support Applications in Kidney Disease Management Learning Motivational Interviewing Dissemination of Motivational Interviewing Future Research Directions in Kidney Disease Management Conclusions References Color Plates Index

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Nutritional management of renal disease

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