CiNii Books - Process and plant safety : applying computational fluid dynamics

The safe operation of plants is of paramount importance in the chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. Best practice in process and plant safety allows both the prevention of hazards and the mitigation of consequences. Safety Technology is continuously advancing to new levels and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is already successfully established as a tool to ensure the safe operation of industrial plants. With CFD tools, a great amount of knowledge can be gained as both the necessary safety measures and the economic operation of plants can be simultaneously determined. Young academics, safety experts and safety managers in all parts of the industry will henceforth be forced to responsibly judge these new results from a safety perspective. This is the main challenge for the future of safety technology. This book serves as a guide to elaborating and determining the principles, assumptions, strengths, limitations and application areas of utilizing CFD in process and plant safety, and safety management. The book offers recommendations relating to guidelines, procedures, frameworks and technology for creating a higher level of safety for chemical and petrochemical plants. It includes modeling aids and concrete examples of industrial safety measures for hazard prevention.

Table of Contents

PREFACE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS: THE FUTURE IN SAFETY TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZED BY PROCESSNET: TUTZING SYMPOSION 2011 CFD - ITS FUTURE IN SAFETY TECHNOLOGY ProcessNet - an Initiative of DECHEMA and VDI-GVC 5 A Long Discussed Question: Can Safety Engineers Rely on Numerical Methods? CFD AND HOLISTIC METHODS FOR EXPLOSIVE SAFETY AND RISK ANALYSIS Introduction Deterministic and Probabilistic Design Tasks CFD Applications on Explosions and Blast Waves Engineering Methods: The TNT Equivalent QRA for Explosive Safety Summary and Outlook PART ONE: CFD Today - Opportunities and Limits if Applied to Safety Techology STATUS AND POTENTIALS OF CFD IN SAFETY ANALYSES USING THE EXAMPLE OF NUCLEAR POWER Introduction Safety and Safety Analysis of Light Water Reactors Role and Status of Fluid Dynamics Modeling Expected Benefits of CFD in Nuclear Reactor Safety Challenges Examples of Applications Beyond-Design-Based Accidents PART TWO Computer or Experimental Design? SIZING AND OPERATION OF HIGH-PRESSURE SAFETY VALVES Introduction Phenomenological Description of the Flow through a Safety Valve Nozzle/Discharge Coefficient Sizing Procedure Sizing of Safety Valves Applying CFD Summary WATER HAMMER INDUCED BY FAST-ACTING VALVES - EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, 1D MODELING, AND DEMANDS FOR POSSIBLE FUTURE CFX CALCULATIONS Introduction Multi-Phase Flow Test Facility Extension of Pilot Plant Pipework PPP for Software Validation Experimental Set-Up Experimental Results Possible Chances and Difficulties in the Use of CFX for Water Hammer Calculations CFD - The Future of Safety Technology? CFD-MODELING FOR OPTIMIZING THE FUNCTION OF LOW-PRESSURE VALVES PART THREE: Fire and Explosions - are CFD Simulations Really Profitable? CONSEQUENCES OF POOL FIRES TO LNG SHIP CARGO TANKS Introduction Evaluation of Heat Transfer CFD-Calculations Conclusions CFD SIMULATION OF LARGE HYDROCARBON AND PEROXIDE POOL FIRES Introduction Governing Equations Turbulence Modeling Combustion Modeling Radiation Modeling CFD Simulation Results and Discussion Conclusions CFD - The Future of Safety Technology? MODELING FIRE SCENARIOS AND SMOKE MIGRATION IN STRUCTURES Introduction Hierarchy of Fire Models Balance Equations for Mass, Momentum, and Heat Transfer (CFD Models) Zone Models Plume Models Computational Examples Conclusions CFD - The Future of Safety Technology? PART FOUR: CFD Tomorrow - The Way to CFD as a Standard Tool in Safety Technology THE ERCOFTAC KNOWLEDGE BASE WIKI - AN AID FOR VALIDATING CFD MODELS Introduction Structure of the Knowledge Base Wiki Content of the Knowledge Base Interaction with Users Concluding Remarks CFD AT ITS LIMITS: SCALING ISSUES, UNCERTAIN DATA, AND THE USER.S ROLE Numerics and Under-Resolved Simulations Uncertainties Theory and Practice Conclusions VALIDATION OF CFD MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF GAS DISPERSION IN URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS Introduction Types of CFD Models Validation Data Wind Tunnel Experiments Summary CFD METHODS IN SAFETY TECHNOLOGY - USEFUL TOOLS OR USELESS TOYS? Introduction Characteristic Properties of Combustion Systems Practical Problems Outlook PART FIVE: Dynamic Systems - Are 1D Models Sufficient? DYNAMIC MODELING OF DISTURBANCES IN DISTILLATION COLUMNS Introduction Dynamic Simulation Model Case Study CFD- The Future of Safety Technology? Nomenclature DYNAMIC PROCESS SIMULATION FOR THE EVALUATION OF UPSET CONDITIONS IN CHEMICAL PLANTS IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRY Introduction Application of Dynamic Process Simulation Conclusion Dynamic Process Simulation - The Future of Safety Technology? THE PROCESS SAFETY TOOLBOX - THE IMPORTANCE OF METHOD SELECTION FOR SAFETY-RELEVANT CALCULATIONS Introduction - The Process Safety Toolbox Flow through Nitrogen Piping During Distillation Column Pressurization Tube Failure in a Wiped-Film Evaporator Phenol-Formaldehyde Uncontrolled Exothermic Reaction Computational Fluid Dynamics - Is It Ever Necessary? Computational Fluid Dynamics - The Future of Safety Technology? CFD FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BUNCEFIELD INCIDENT Introduction Observations from the CCTV Records CFD Modeling of the Vapor Cloud Dispersion Conclusions CFD: The Future of Safety Technology? PART SIX: Contributions for Discussion DO WE REALLY WANT TO CALCULATE THE WRONG PROBLEM AS EXACTLY AS POSSIBLE? THE RELEVANCE OF INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN TREATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF ACCIDENTS Introduction Models Case Study Conclusions CAN SOFTWARE EVER BE SAFE? Introduction Basics Software Errors and Error Handling Potential Future Approaches CFD - The Future of Safety Technology? CFD MODELING: ARE EXPERIMENTS SUPERFLUOUS?

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Process and plant safety : applying computational fluid dynamics

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