Discordant neighbours : a reassessment of the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-South-Ossetian conflicts

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Discordant neighbours : a reassessment of the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-South-Ossetian conflicts

by George Hewitt

(Eurasian studies library : historical, political and social studies of Slavic and Islamic cultures in the Eurasian region, v. 3)

Brill, 2013

  • : hbk

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Note

Includes bibliographical references (p. [361]-378) and index

Description and Table of Contents

Description

The 2008 Georgian-Russian war focused the world's attention on the Caucasus. South Ossetia and Abkhazia had been de facto independent since the early 1990s. However, Russia's granting of recognition on 26 August 2008 changed regional dynamics. The Caucasus is one of the most ethnically diverse areas on earth, and the conflicts examined here present their own complexities. This book sets the issues in their historical and political contexts and discusses potential future problems. This volume is distinguished from others devoted to the same themes by the extensive use the author (a Georgian specialist) makes of Georgian sources, inaccessible to most commentators. His translated citations thus cast a unique and revealing light on the interethnic relations that have fuelled these conflicts.

Table of Contents

  • Foreword Preface Plan of the Book Note on Transcription Acknowledgements Abbreviations Maps Chapter One: Introduction Peoples and their Languages
  • Non-Caucasian Peoples and Languages of the Caucasus
  • Caucasian Peoples and Languages
  • North West Caucasian
  • South Caucasian/ Kartvelian
  • Nakh-Daghestanian
  • States
  • Georgia (in Georgian sakartvelo)
  • Abkhazia (in Abkhaz Apsny)
  • South Ossetia (in Ossetic Xussar Iryston). Chapter Two: History Greeks Colonise the Eastern Black Sea Coast
  • The Roman Period
  • The Abkhazian Kingdom and Dynastic Union with Georgian-speaking Lands
  • Breakup of the Mediaeval Georgian Kingdom
  • Post-Mongol Abkhazia
  • Mediaeval Ossetians
  • Turkish and Persian Encroachment
  • Russia's Encroachment and Tsarist Rule
  • Georgia's Attention Turns towards Abkhazia
  • Beginnings of Mingrelianisation
  • Post-Revolutionary Abkhazia and Independent (Menshevik) Georgia
  • South Ossetians under the Mensheviks Georgia's 1921 Menshevik Constitution and Loss of Independence
  • Abkhazia's Status 1921-1931
  • Creation of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region (1922)
  • Death of Nestor Lakoba and Implementation of Stalin's Nationality Policy
  • Deportations: Actual or Threatened
  • Genesis of the 'Ingoroq'va Hypothesis'
  • Abkhazians Start to Voice their Grievances
  • Summation of the Period 1953-1979. Chapter Three: Perestrojka, Glasnost' and the Road to War in Georgia Georgian Dissidents Take Advantage of Glasnost'
  • Results of Glasnost' in Abkhazia and South Ossetia
  • The 'Abkhazian Letter'
  • Georgia's Draft Language-Law
  • Reason for Ingoroq'va's Non-election to the Georgian Academy
  • Tit-for-tat Exchanges Begin in the Press
  • The 'Lykhny Declaration' (Abkhazia) and the Reaction
  • The 9th-April Tragedy (Tbilisi)
  • Anti-Abkhazian Agitation Intensifies
  • Revival of the 'Ingoroq'va Hypothesis' (and Variants)
  • The 'War of Linguists and Historians'
  • Moves to Open a Branch of Tbilisi State University in Sukhum
  • Georgia Experiences its First Fatal Inter-ethnic Clashes
  • Tensions Rise Even Further After the July Deaths
  • Andrej Sakharov's 'Mini-empires' and Inevitable Backlash
  • Viktor Popkov's Corrective
  • Death of K'ost'ava. Attention Shifts to South Ossetia
  • New Leadership for Abkhazia's National Movement
  • Tbilisi Sets Out Towards Independence and the Reaction in Abkhazia and South Ossetia
  • Restoration of Abkhazia's Republican Status of the 1920s and Tbilisi's Reaction
  • South Ossetia Moves to Raise its Status
  • New Union Treaty Proposed in Moscow
  • Gamsakhurdia Becomes Supreme Soviet Chairman. Moscow's Reaction and 1st War in South Ossetia
  • Gorbachev's 17th-March 1991 Referendum for Reshaping the Union
  • Gamsakhurdia and Yeltsin Gain their Respective Presidencies, and Gorbachev's Fall
  • South Ossetia Rescinds its Compromise Offer
  • New Electoral Law in Abkhazia
  • USSR Disintegrates and USA Recognises Georgia
  • Gamsakhurdia Overthrown and Civil War in Mingrelia
  • Relations Between Tbilisi's Military Council and Abkhazia/South Ossetia
  • Postscript
  • Summation. Chapter Four: Relations with Post-Communist Georgia under Eduard Shevardnadze Upsurge Followed by Ceasefire in South Ossetia
  • Attention Shifts to Mingrelia and Abkhazia
  • Georgia's International Profile Rises Under Shevardnadze
  • War in Abkhazia
  • First Ceasefire
  • The Battle for Gagra
  • Never-to-be-forgotten Incidents in Sukhum and above Lat'a
  • Second Ceasefire
  • Third Ceasefire
  • Abkhazians Victorious in the War
  • 'Ethnic Cleansing' or 'Ethnic Flight'?
  • Georgia on the Brink
  • Reality Dawns on the Abkhazians
  • Start of Formal Peace-Talks
  • Periodisation of the Negotiations
  • Abkhazia's 1994 Constitution
  • Shevardnadze Elected President
  • Terrorism in Abkhazia
  • The Squeeze on Abkhazia Tightens
  • Further Georgian Assault Repulsed (May 1998)
  • Georgia Strengthens Ties to Europe
  • Shevardnadze's Star No Longer in the Ascendant
  • Abkhazia Finally Declares Independence
  • Attempts at Confidence-Building Continue
  • Fall of Shevardnadze
  • Developments in South Ossetia Under Shevardnadze APPENDIX 1 Treaty on the Principles for Mutual Relations between the Republic of Abkhazia and the Republic of Georgia (Proposal for the Project) APPENDIX 2 The State Flag of Abkhazia (designed in 1992 by Valerij Gamgia)
  • Coat of Arms
  • The State Flag of South Ossetia
  • Coat of Arms
  • Flags of Post-Communist Georgia APPENDIX 3 Declaration on measures for a political settlement of the Georgian/Abkhaz conflict APPENDIX 4 Quadripartite Agreement on Voluntary Return of Refugees and Displaced Persons (Annex II) APPENDIX 5 Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhum (The So-called 'Boden Document') APPENDIX 6 Measures to Ensure Security and Strengthen Mutual Trust between the Sides in the Georgian-Ossetian Conflict Chapter Five: Relations with Georgia under Mikheil Saak'ashvili The 'Rose Revolution'
  • Saak'ashvili Vows to Restore Georgia's Territorial Integrity
  • Ach'ara Reintegrated
  • Saak'ashvili Moves Against South Ossetia
  • Kokoiti's Initiatives
  • Political Developments in Abkhazia
  • Georgia and the Ukraine Voice NATO Aspirations
  • 'The Key to the Future'
  • Tensions Rise over the K'odor Valley
  • Russo-Georgian Relations Deteriorate Further
  • Abkhazia Withdraws from the Peace- Talks
  • Saak'ashvili Re-elected President
  • Aftermath of Kosovo's Recognition
  • War in South Ossetia (2008)
  • Abkhazia Opens Second Front
  • Recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia
  • Who Began the War?
  • Georgia Examines Georgian Actions
  • The Tagliavini's Commission's Findings
  • Self-Deception as Possible Explanation for Tbilisi's Actions?
  • The Days are Numbered for the UN and OSCE Presence in Abkhazia and South Ossetia
  • The Geneva Process Begins
  • Abkhazia and South Ossetia Strengthen International Ties
  • Abkhazia's 2009 Presidential Election
  • Post-Recognition Existence
  • Tbilisi Resumes its Belligerent Stance
  • 'State Strategy on [the] Occupied Territories'
  • Further Anti-Russian Moves in Georgia: Tbilisi Cultivates the North Caucasus
  • Georgian Launches a New TV-channel
  • Abkhazia's Census (2011)
  • Unanticipated Developments in Abkhazia (2011)
  • Problems Within the Abkhazian Church
  • Abkhazia's President Ankvab Survives Assassination-attempt
  • South Ossetia Gains New President
  • A New Figure in Georgian Politics
  • Onward to 2013 Chapter Six: Foreign Involvement A Centuries-old Attraction
  • Early Missions by The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples' Organisation and International Alert
  • Paul Henze's Later 'Contributions'
  • Double Standards
  • The Role of the UN and OSCE (earlier CSCE)
  • (International) NGOs
  • NGOs in South Ossetia
  • The Georgian Economy
  • Turkey
  • Europe
  • The USA
  • The Commonwealth of Independent States
  • Russia Appendix US Assistance to Georgia 1992 to 2009 (in 3 parts) Chapter Seven: Conclusions and Lessons Learnt - or Not! Georgia
  • Abkhazia
  • South Ossetia
  • International Community
  • Postscript Bibliography Index

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