Polymer composites

著者

• Thomas, Sabu

書誌事項

Polymer composites

edited by Sabu Thomas ... [et al.]

Wiley-VCH , John Wiley, distributor], c2012-c2014

• set
• set
• v. 1
• v. 1
• v. 2
• v. 2 : ePDF
• v. 2 : ePub
• v. 2 : mobi
• v. 2 : oBook
• v. 3
• v. 3 : ePDF
• v. 3 : ePub
• v. 3 : mobi
• v. 3 : oBook

注記

Formerly CIP Uk

Includes bibliographical references and index

v.2:Nanocomposites

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

v. 1 ISBN 9783527326242

内容説明

The first systematic reference on the topic with an emphasis on the characteristics and dimension of the reinforcement. This first of three volumes, authored by leading researchers in the field from academia, government, industry, as well as private research institutions around the globe, focuses on macro and micro composites. Clearly divided into three sections, the first offers an introduction to polymer composites, discussing the state of the art, new challenges, and opportunities of various polymer composite systems, as well as preparation and manufacturing techniques. The second part looks at macro systems, with an emphasis on fiber reinforced polymer composites, textile composites, and polymer hybrid composites. Likewise, the final section deals with micro systems, including micro particle reinforced polymer composites, the synthesis, surface modification and characterization of micro particulate fillers and flakes as well as filled polymer micro composites, plus applications and the recovery, recycling and life cycle analysis of synthetic polymeric composites.

目次

The Editors XXIII Preface XXV List of Contributors XXVII Part One Introduction to Polymer Composites 1 1 Advances in Polymer Composites: Macro- and Microcomposites - State of the Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities 3 Josmin P. Jose, Sant Kumar Malhotra, Sabu Thomas, Kuruvilla Joseph, Koichi Goda, and Meyyarappallil Sadasivan Sreekala 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Classification of Composites 4 1.3 Interface Characterization 14 1.4 New Challenges and Opportunities 15 References 16 2 Shock and Impact Response of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 17 Vikas Prakash 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Analytical Analysis 20 2.3 Plate-Impact Experiments on GRPs 33 2.4 Target Assembly 42 2.5 Experimental Results and Discussion 42 2.6 Summary 76 References 78 3 Interfaces in Macro- and Microcomposites 83 Haeng-Ki Lee and Bong-Rae Kim 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Characterization of Interfaces in Macro- and Microcomposites 85 3.3 Micromechanics-Based Analysis 87 3.4 Interfacial Damage Modeling 94 3.5 Summary 100 References 101 4 Preparation and Manufacturing Techniques for Macro- and Microcomposites 111 Tibor Czigany and Tamas Deak 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 111 4.3 Thermosetting Polymer Composites 123 4.4 Future Trends 133 References 133 Part Two Macrosystems: Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 135 5 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Preparation, Properties, and Applications 137 Soo-Jin Park and Min-Kang Seo 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Backgrounds 138 5.3 Experimental Part 143 5.4 Results and Discussion 153 5.5 Applications 176 5.6 Conclusions 179 References 180 6 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 185 Sebastian Heimbs and Bjoern Van Den Broucke 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Chemical Composition and Types 186 6.3 Fabrication of Glass Fibers 188 6.4 Forms of Glass Fibers 190 6.5 Glass Fiber Properties 192 6.6 Glass Fibers in Polymer Composites 196 6.7 Applications 202 6.8 Summary 204 References 205 7 Kevlar Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 209 Chapal K. Das, Ganesh C. Nayak, and Rathanasamy Rajasekar 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 210 7.3 Constituents of Polymer Composites 210 7.4 Kevlar Fiber 211 7.5 Interface 212 7.6 Factors Influencing the Composite Properties 214 7.7 Surface Modification 218 7.8 Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Composites 220 7.9 Effect of Fluorinated and Oxyfluorinated Short Kevlar Fiber on the Properties of Ethylene Propylene Matrix Composites 222 7.10 Compatibilizing Effect of MA-g-PP on the Properties of Fluorinated and Oxyfluorinated Kevlar Fiber-Reinforced Ethylene Polypropylene Composites 230 7.11 Properties of Syndiotactic Polystyrene Composites with Surface-Modified Short Kevlar Fiber 238 7.12 Study on the Mechanical, Rheological, and Morphological Properties of Short Kevlar Fiber/s-PS Composites Effect of Oxyfluorination of Kevlar 246 7.13 Effect of Fluorinated and Oxyfluorinated Short Kevlar Fiber Reinforcement on the Properties of PC/LCP Blends 250 7.14 Simulation of Fiber Orientation by Mold Flow Technique 257 7.15 Kevlar-Reinforced Thermosetting Composites 270 References 272 8 Polyester Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 275 Dionysis E. Mouzakis 8.1 Introduction 275 8.2 Synthesis and Basic Properties of Polyester Fibers 277 8.3 Polyester Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 282 8.4 Conclusions 287 References 288 9 Nylon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 293 Valerio Causin 9.1 Introduction 293 9.2 Nylon Fibers Used as Reinforcements 294 9.3 Matrices and Applications 299 9.4 Manufacturing of Nylon-Reinforced Composites 305 9.5 Conclusions 311 References 311 10 Polyolefin Fiber- and Tape-Reinforced Polymeric Composites 315 Jozsef Karger-Kocsis and Tamas Barany 10.1 Introduction 315 10.2 Polyolefin Fibers and Tapes 315 10.3 Polyolefin-Reinforced Thermoplastics 321 10.4 Polyolefin Fiber-Reinforced Thermosets 327 10.5 Polyolefin Fibers in Rubbers 329 10.6 Others 330 10.7 Outlook and Future Trends 330 References 331 11 Silica Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 339 Sudip Ray 11.1 Introduction 339 11.2 Silica Fiber: General Features 339 11.3 Silica Fiber-Filled Polymer Composites 347 11.4 Applications 358 11.5 New Developments 360 11.6 Concluding Remarks 361 References 361 Part Three Macrosystems: Textile Composites 363 12 2D Textile Composite Reinforcement Mechanical Behavior 365 Emmanuelle Vidal-Salle and Philippe Boisse 12.1 Introduction 365 12.2 Mechanical Behavior of 2D Textile Composite Reinforcements and Specific Experimental Tests 366 12.3 Continuous Modeling of 2D Fabrics: Macroscopic Scale 373 12.4 Discrete Modeling of 2D Fabrics: Mesoscopic Scale 382 12.5 Conclusions and Future Trend 388 References 388 13 Three Dimensional Woven Fabric Composites 393 Wen-Shyong Kuo 13.1 Introduction 393 13.2 General Characteristics of 3D Composites 394 13.3 Formation of 3D Woven Fabrics 396 13.4 Modeling of 3D Woven Composites 407 13.5 Failure Behavior of 3D Woven Composites 412 13.6 Role of Interlacing Loops 428 13.7 Design of 3D Woven Composites 429 13.8 Conclusions 431 References 431 14 Polymer Composites as Geotextiles 435 Han-Yong Jeon 14.1 Introduction 435 14.2 Developments of Composite Geotextiles 443 14.3 Hybrid Composite Geotextiles 447 14.4 Performance Evaluation of Composite Geotextiles 462 References 467 15 Hybrid Textile Polymer Composites 469 Palanisamy Sivasubramanian, Laly A. Pothan, M. Thiruchitrambalam, and Sabu Thomas 15.1 Introduction 469 15.2 Textile Composites 470 15.3 Hybrid Textile Composites 478 15.4 Hybrid Textile Joints 479 15.5 Conclusion 480 References 480 Part Four Microsystems : Microparticle-Reinforced Polymer Composites 483 16 Characterization of Injection-Molded Parts with Carbon Black-Filled Polymers 485 Volker Piotter, Jurgen Prokop, and Xianping Liu 16.1 Introduction 485 16.2 Injection-Molded Carbon-Filled Polymers 486 16.3 Processes and Characterization 488 16.4 Mechanical Property Mapping of Carbon-Filled Polymer Composites by TPM 501 16.5 Conclusions 512 References 512 17 Carbon Black-Filled Natural Rubber Composites: Physical Chemistry and Reinforcing Mechanism 515 Atsushi Kato, Yuko Ikeda, and Shinzo Kohjiya 17.1 Introduction 515 17.2 3D-TEM Observation of Nanofiller-Loaded Vulcanized Rubber 517 17.3 Materials: CB-Filled Sulfur-Cured NR Vulcanizates 518 17.4 Relationship Between the Properties of CB-Filled Sulfur-Cured NR Vulcanizates and CB Loading 519 17.5 CB Dispersion and Aggregate/Agglomerate Structure in CB-Filled NR Vulcanizates 529 17.6 Conclusions 538 References 540 18 Silica-Filled Polymer Microcomposites 545 Sudip Ray 18.1 Introduction 545 18.2 Silica as a Filler: General Features 545 18.3 Silica-Filled Rubbers 552 18.4 Silica-Filled Thermoplastics and Thermosets 569 18.5 Concluding Remarks 571 References 572 19 Metallic Particle-Filled Polymer Microcomposites 575 Bertrand Garnier, Boudjemaa Agoudjil, and Abderrahim Boudenne 19.1 Introduction 575 19.2 Metallic Filler and Production Methods 576 19.3 Achieved Properties of Metallic Filled Polymer 577 19.4 Main Factors Influencing Properties 585 19.5 Models for Physical Property Prediction 593 19.6 Conclusion 606 References 606 20 Magnetic Particle-Filled Polymer Microcomposites 613 Natalie E. Kazantseva 20.1 Introduction 613 20.2 Basic Components of Polymer Magnetic Composites: Materials Selection 614 20.3 Overview of Methods for the Characterization of Materials in the Radiofrequency and Microwave Bands 621 20.4 Magnetization Processes in Bulk Magnetic Materials 628 20.5 Magnetization Processes in Polymer Magnetic Composites 641 20.6 Polymer Magnetic Composites with High Value of Permeability in the Radiofrequency and Microwave Bands 651 20.7 Conclusions 668 References 669 21 Mica-Reinforced Polymer Composites 673 John Verbeek and Mark Christopher 21.1 Introduction 673 21.2 Structure and Properties of Mica 674 21.3 Mechanical Properties of Mica-Polymer Composites 677 21.4 Thermal Properties 693 21.5 Other Properties 696 21.6 Modeling of Mechanical Properties 700 21.7 Conclusions 709 References 709 22 Viscoelastically Prestressed Polymeric Matrix Composites 715 Kevin S. Fancey 22.1 Introduction 715 22.2 Preliminary Investigations: Evidence of Viscoelastically Generated Prestress 716 22.3 Time-Temperature Aspects of VPPMC Technology 719 22.4 VPPMCs with Higher Fiber Content: Mechanical Properties 729 22.5 Processing Aspects of VPPMCs 733 22.6 Mechanisms for Improved Mechanical Properties in VPPMCs 737 22.7 Potential Applications 740 22.8 Summary and Conclusions 742 References 744 Part Five Applications 747 23 Applications of Macro- and Microfiller-Reinforced Polymer Composites 749 Hajnalka Hargitai and Ilona Racz 23.1 Introduction 749 23.2 Some Features of Polymer Composites 749 23.3 Transportation 750 23.4 Biomedical Applications 757 23.5 Civil Engineering, Construction 760 23.6 Electric and Electronic Applications 767 23.7 Mechanical Engineering, Tribological Applications 769 23.8 Recreation, Sport Equipments 772 23.9 Other Applications 780 23.10 Conclusion 784 References 784 Index 791

巻冊次

v. 2 ISBN 9783527329793

内容説明

Polymer composites are materials in which the matrix polymer is reinforced with organic/inorganic fillers of a definite size and shape, leading to enhanced performance of the resultant composite. These materials find a wide number of applications in such diverse fields as geotextiles, building, electronics, medical, packaging, and automobiles. This first systematic reference on the topic emphasizes the characteristics and dimension of this reinforcement. The authors are leading researchers in the field from academia, government, industry, as well as private research institutions across the globe, and adopt a practical approach here, covering such aspects as the preparation, characterization, properties and theory of polymer composites. The book begins by discussing the state of the art, new challenges, and opportunities of various polymer composite systems. Interfacial characterization of the composites is discussed in detail, as is the macro- and micromechanics of the composites. Structure-property relationships in various composite systems are explained with the help of theoretical models, while processing techniques for various macro- to nanocomposite systems and the influence of processing parameters on the properties of the composite are reviewed in detail. The characterization of microstructure, elastic, viscoelastic, static and dynamic mechanical, thermal, tribological, rheological, optical, electrical and barrier properties are highlighted, as well as their myriad applications. Divided into three volumes: Vol. 1. Macro- and Microcomposites; Vol. 2. Nanocomposites; and Vol. 3. Biocomposites.

目次

The Editors XIII List of Contributors XV 1 State of the Art - Nanomechanics 1 Amrita Saritha, Sant Kumar Malhotra, Sabu Thomas, Kuruvilla Joseph, Koichi Goda, and Meyyarappallil Sadasivan Sreekala 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nanoplatelet-Reinforced Composites 3 1.3 Exfoliation-Adsorption 4 1.4 In Situ Intercalative Polymerization Method 5 1.5 Melt Intercalation 6 1.6 Nanofiber-Reinforced Composites 7 1.7 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites 7 1.8 Recent Advances in Polymer Nanocomposites 8 1.9 Future Outlook 9 References 9 2 Synthesis, Surface Modification, and Characterization of Nanoparticles 13 Liaosha Wang, Jianhua Li, Ruoyu Hong, and Hongzhong Li 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Synthesis and Modification of Nanoparticles 13 2.2.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 13 2.2.2 Synthesis of Titania Nanoparticles 14 2.2.3 Microwave Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 15 2.2.4 Magnetic Field Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 15 2.2.5 Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles without Inert Gas Protection 16 2.2.6 Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles by Two Different Methods 16 2.2.7 Synthesis of Silica Powders by Pressured Carbonation 17 2.2.8 MW-Assisted Synthesis of Bisubstituted Yttrium Garnet Nanoparticles 18 2.2.9 Molten Salt Synthesis of Bisubstituted Yttrium Garnet Nanoparticles 18 2.3 Modification of Nanoparticles 19 2.3.1 Surface Modification of ZnO Nanoparticles 20 2.3.2 Surface Modification of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 20 2.3.3 Surface Modification of Silica Nanoparticles 23 2.4 Preparation and Characterization of Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposites 23 2.4.1 Nanopolymer Matrix Composites 23 2.5 Preparation of Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposites 26 2.5.1 Sol-Gel Processing 26 2.5.2 In Situ Polymerization 27 2.5.3 Particle In Situ Formation 27 2.5.4 Blending 28 2.5.4.1 Solution Blending 28 2.5.4.2 Emulsion or Suspension Blending 30 2.5.4.3 Melt Blending 31 2.5.4.4 Mechanical Grinding/Blending 31 2.5.5 Others 31 2.6 Characterization of Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposites 32 2.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction 32 2.6.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 33 2.6.3 Mechanical Property Test 34 2.6.4 Abrasion Resistance Test 35 2.6.5 Impact Strength 36 2.6.6 Flexural Test 37 2.6.7 Others 38 2.7 Applications of Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposites 39 2.7.1 Applications of Bi-YIG Films and Bi-YIG Nanoparticle-Doped PMMA 39 2.7.1.1 Magneto-Optical Isolator 40 2.7.1.2 Magneto-Optical Sensor 41 2.7.1.3 Tuned Filter 42 2.7.1.4 Magneto-Optical Recorder 42 2.7.1.5 Magneto-Optic Modulator 43 2.7.1.6 Magneto-Optic Switch 44 2.8 Application of Magnetic Fe3O4-Based Nanocomposites 44 2.9 Applications of ZnO-Based Nanocomposites 46 2.9.1 Gas Sensing Materials 46 2.9.2 Photocatalyst for Degradation of Organic Dye 46 2.9.3 Benard Convection Resin Lacquer Coating 47 2.10 Applications of Magnetic Fluid 48 References 49 3 Theory and Simulation in Nanocomposites 53 Qinghua Zeng and Aibing Yu 3.1 Introduction 53 3.1.1 Dispersion of Nanoparticles 53 3.1.2 Interface 54 3.1.3 Crystallization 54 3.1.4 Property Prediction 54 3.2 Analytical and Numerical Techniques 55 3.2.1 Analytical Models 55 3.2.2 Numerical Methods 56 3.2.3 Multiscale Modeling 57 3.3 Formation of Nanocomposites 58 3.3.1 Thermodynamics of Nanocomposite Formation 58 3.3.2 Kinetics of Nanocomposite Formation 59 3.3.3 Morphology of Polymer Nanocomposites 60 3.4 Mechanical Properties 62 3.4.1 Stiffness and Strength 62 3.4.2 Stress Transfer 64 3.4.3 Mechanical Reinforcement 64 3.4.4 Interfacial Bonding 65 3.5 Mechanical Failure 65 3.5.1 Buckling 65 3.5.2 Fatigue 66 3.5.3 Fracture 66 3.5.4 Wear 66 3.5.5 Creep 67 3.6 Thermal Properties 67 3.6.1 Thermal Conductivity 67 3.6.2 Thermal Expansion 68 3.7 Barrier Properties 69 3.8 Rheological Properties 70 3.9 Conclusions 71 References 72 4 Characterization of Nanocomposites by Scattering Methods 75 Valerio Causin 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering 76 4.2.1 Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction 76 4.2.2 Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction in the Characterization of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 77 4.2.3 Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction in the Characterization of the Structure of the Polymer Matrix 83 4.2.4 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering 84 4.3 Neutron Scattering 93 4.4 Light Scattering 96 References 99 5 Mechanical-Viscoelastic Characterization in Nanocomposites 117 Vera Realinho, Marcelo Antunes, David Arencon, and Jose I. Velasco 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Factors Affecting the Mechanical Behavior of Nanocomposites 118 5.2.1 Influence of the Filler's Aspect Ratio and Dispersion 118 5.2.2 Influence of the Filler-Matrix Interphase 120 5.3 Micromechanical Models for Nanocomposites 121 5.3.1 Basic Assumptions and Preliminary Concepts 122 5.3.1.1 Continuum Models 122 5.3.1.2 Equivalent Continuum Model and Self-Similar Model 123 5.3.1.3 Finite Element Modeling 123 5.3.2 Micromechanical Nanocomposites Modeling 125 5.4 Mechanical Characterization of Nanocomposites under Static Loading 127 5.4.1 Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites 127 5.4.2 Polymer-CNT Nanocomposites 129 5.4.3 Particulate Polymer Nanocomposites 130 5.5 Characterization by Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis 131 5.6 Mechanical Characterization by Means of Indentation Techniques 133 5.7 Fracture Toughness Characterization of Nanocomposites 135 5.8 Conclusions 139 References 140 6 Characterization of Nanocomposites by Optical Analysis 147 Lucilene Betega de Paiva and Ana Rita Morales 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Influence of Nanoparticles on the Visual Aspect of Nanocomposites 148 6.3 Characterization of Appearance 151 6.3.1 Gloss 152 6.3.2 Haze 153 6.3.3 Color 154 6.4 Characterization by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry 156 6.5 Characterization by Optical Microscopy 158 References 160 7 Characterization of Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites 163 Iren E. Kuznetsova, Boris D. Zaitsev, and Alexander M. Shikhabudinov 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 The Influence of the Molding Temperature on the Density of the Nanocomposite Samples Based on the Low-Density Polyethylene 164 7.3 Experimental Study of the Temperature Dependence of the Permittivity of the Nanocomposite Materials 168 7.4 Elastic and Viscous Properties of the Nanocomposite Films Based on the Low-Density Polyethylene Matrix 172 7.4.1 Technology of Producing the Nanocomposite Polymeric Films 172 7.4.2 Determination of the Coefficients of Elasticity and Viscosity of Nanocomposite Polymeric Films 173 7.5 Effect of the Nanoparticle Material Density on the Acoustic Parameters of Nanocomposites Based on the Low-Density Polyethylene 179 7.6 Conclusions 182 References 183 8 Barrier Properties of Nanocomposites 185 Amrita Saritha and Kuruvilla Joseph 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Nanocomposites from Ceramic Oxides 186 8.3 Nanocomposites from Nanotubes 186 8.4 Layered Silicate Nanocomposites 187 8.5 Composite Models of Permeation 191 8.5.1 Nielsen Model 191 8.5.2 Bharadwaj Model 191 8.5.3 Fredrickson and Bicerano Model 192 8.5.4 Cussler Model 193 8.5.5 Gusev and Lusti Model 193 8.6 Techniques Used to Study the Permeability of Polymers and Nanocomposites 195 8.7 Calculation of Breakthrough Time 196 8.8 Applications 197 8.9 Conclusions 198 References 198 9 Polymer Nanocomposites Characterized by Thermal Analysis Techniques 201 Carola Esposito Corcione, Antonio Greco, Mariaenrica Frigione, and Alfonso Maffezzoli 9.1 Introduction 201 9.2 Thermal Analysis Methods 202 9.2.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 202 9.2.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis 209 9.3 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis 211 9.4 Thermal Mechanical Analysis 214 9.5 Conclusions 215 References 215 10 Carbon Nanotube-Filled Polymer Composites 219 Dimitrios Tasis and Kostas Papagelis 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Processing Methods 220 10.2.1 Common Approaches 220 10.3 Novel Approaches 223 10.3.1 CNT-Based Membranes and Networks 223 10.3.2 CNT-Based Fibers 229 10.4 Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials 232 10.5 Basic Theory of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials 232 10.6 Stress Transfer Efficiency in Composites 234 10.7 Mechanical Properties: Selected Literature Data 236 10.8 Electrical Properties of Composite Materials 236 10.9 Electrical Properties: Selected Literature Data 240 10.10 CNT-Polymer Composite Applications 243 References 244 11 Applications of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 249 Thien Phap Nguyen 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Preparation of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 250 11.3 Applications of Nanocomposites 251 11.3.1 Mechanical Properties and Applications 251 11.3.2 Thermal Properties and Applications 253 11.3.3 Electrical Properties and Applications 255 11.3.4 Optical Properties and Applications 257 11.3.4.1 Transmission of Light 257 11.3.4.2 Energy Conversion 259 11.4 Energy Conversion and Storage Capacity and Applications 265 11.5 Biodegradability and Applications 266 11.5.1 Nanocomposites for Medical Applications 266 11.5.2 Nanocomposites for Drug Release Applications 268 11.5.3 Nanocomposites for Food Packaging 268 11.6 Conclusion and Outlook 269 References 270 12 Health Hazards and Recycling and Life Cycle Assessment of Nanomaterials and Their Composites 279 Lucas Reijnders 12.1 Introduction 279 12.2 Health Hazards of Inorganic Nanoparticles 280 12.3 Nanocomposite Life Cycles and Life Cycle Assessment 281 12.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites in Practice 284 12.5 Nanocomposite Life Cycle Management, Including Recycling 285 12.6 Reducing Nanoparticle-Based Health Hazards and Risks Associated with Nanocomposite Life Cycles 289 12.7 Conclusion 291 References 291 Index 295

巻冊次

v. 3 ISBN 9783527329809

内容説明

Polymer composites are materials in which the matrix polymer is reinforced with organic/inorganic fillers of a definite size and shape, leading to enhanced performance of the resultant composite. These materials find a wide number of applications in such diverse fields as geotextiles, building, electronics, medical, packaging, and automobiles. This first systematic reference on the topic emphasizes the characteristics and dimension of this reinforcement. The authors are leading researchers in the field from academia, government, industry, as well as private research institutions across the globe, and adopt a practical approach here, covering such aspects as the preparation, characterization, properties and theory of polymer composites. The book begins by discussing the state of the art, new challenges, and opportunities of various polymer composite systems. Interfacial characterization of the composites is discussed in detail, as is the macro- and micromechanics of the composites. Structure-property relationships in various composite systems are explained with the help of theoretical models, while processing techniques for various macro- to nanocomposite systems and the influence of processing parameters on the properties of the composite are reviewed in detail. The characterization of microstructure, elastic, viscoelastic, static and dynamic mechanical, thermal, tribological, rheological, optical, electrical and barrier properties are highlighted, as well as their myriad applications. Divided into three volumes: Vol. 1. Macro- and Microcomposites; Vol. 2. Nanocomposites; and Vol. 3. Biocomposites.

目次

The Editors XIX List of Contributors XXI 1 Advances in Polymer Composites: Biocomposites -State of the Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities 1 Koichi Goda, Meyyarappallil Sadasivan Sreekala, Sant Kumar Malhotra, Kuruvilla Joseph, and Sabu Thomas 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Development of Biocomposite Engineering 3 1.3 Classification of Biocomposites 5 References 8 2 Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Biopolymers (Natural and Synthetic) 11 Raju Francis, Soumya Sasikumar, and Geethy P. Gopalan 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Classification 13 2.3 Natural Biopolymers 13 2.3.1 Proteins 14 2.3.2 Polysaccharides 27 2.3.3 Polysaccharides from Marine Sources 34 2.3.4 Low Molecular Weight Biopolymers 39 2.3.5 Microbial Synthesized Biopolymers 42 2.3.6 Natural Poly(Amino Acids) 46 2.3.7 Nucleic Acids 50 2.4 Synthetic Biopolymers 54 2.4.1 Poly(Glycolide) PGA or Poly(Glycolic Acid) 55 2.4.2 Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) 55 2.4.3 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) 56 2.4.4 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 57 2.4.5 Poly(p-Dioxanone) (PDO) 57 2.4.6 Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate) (PTMC) 58 2.4.7 Poly- -Hydroxybutyrate (PHB) 58 2.4.8 Poly(Glycerol Sebacic Acid) (PGS) 58 2.4.9 Poly(Propylene Fumarate) (PPF) 59 2.4.10 Poly(Anhydrides) (PAs) 60 2.4.11 Poly(Orthoesters) (POEs) 60 2.4.12 Poly(Phosphazene) 61 2.4.13 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) 62 2.4.14 Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) 63 2.4.15 Poly(Ester Amides) (PEAs) 63 2.5 Need for Biopolymers 64 2.6 Exceptional Properties of Biopolymers 65 2.7 Biomedical Polymers 65 2.7.1 Chitosan 66 2.7.2 Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) 67 2.7.3 Collagen 67 2.7.4 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 68 2.7.5 Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) (PHEMA) 68 2.7.6 Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines 69 2.7.7 Chitin 69 2.7.8 Albumin 69 2.7.9 Fibrin 70 2.7.10 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 70 2.7.11 Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) 70 2.7.12 Alginic Acid 70 2.7.13 Poly(Anhydrides) 70 2.8 Composite Material 71 2.9 Blends 71 2.10 Applications of Biopolymers 72 2.10.1 Medical Applications 72 2.10.2 Agricultural Applications 76 2.10.3 Packaging 77 2.11 Partially Biodegradable Packaging Materials 80 2.12 Nonbiodegradable Biopolymers 80 2.12.1 Poly(Thioesters) 80 2.12.1.1 Poly(3-Mercaptopropionate) (Poly(3MP)) 81 2.13 Conversion of Nonbiodegradable to Biodegradable Polymers 82 2.14 Current Research Areas in Biopolymers and Bioplastics 82 2.15 General Findings and Future Prospects 83 Acknowledgments 83 Abbreviations 84 References 84 3 Preparation, Microstructure, and Properties of Biofibers 109 Takashi Nishino 3.1 Introduction 109 3.2 Structure of Natural Plant Fibers 110 3.2.1 Microstructure 110 3.2.2 Crystal Structure 114 3.3 Ultimate Properties of Natural Fibers 117 3.3.1 Elastic Modulus 117 3.3.2 Tensile Strength 120 3.4 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cellulose Microfibrils and Macrofibrils 121 3.5 All-Cellulose Composites and Nanocomposites 126 3.6 Conclusions 129 References 129 4 Surface Treatment and Characterization of Natural Fibers: Effects on the Properties of Biocomposites 133 Donghwan Cho, Hyun-Joong Kim, and Lawrence T. Drzal 4.1 Introduction 133 4.2 Why Is Surface Treatment of Natural Fibers Important in Biocomposites? 134 4.3 What Are the Surface Treatment Methods of Natural Fibers? 137 4.3.1 Chemical Treatment Methods 138 4.3.2 Physical Treatment Methods 145 4.4 How Does the Surface Treatment Influence the Properties of Biocomposites? 149 4.4.1 Chemical Changes of Natural Fibers 149 4.4.2 Morphological and Structural Changes of Natural Fibers 150 4.4.3 Mechanical Changes of Natural Fibers 151 4.4.4 Interfacial Properties of Biocomposites 153 4.4.5 Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites 157 4.4.6 Impact Properties of Biocomposites 160 4.4.7 Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites 161 4.4.8 Thermal Properties of Biocomposites 164 4.4.9 Water Absorption Behavior of Biocomposites 166 4.5 Concluding Remarks 168 References 169 5 Manufacturing and Processing Methods of Biocomposites 179 5.1 Processing Technology of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite 179 Tatsuya Tanaka 5.1.1 Background 179 5.1.2 NF- Reinforced PLA Resin Composite Material 181 5.1.3 Pellet Production Technology of Continuation Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Resin Composite Material 181 5.1.4 Pellet Manufacturing Technology of the Continuous Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Resin Composite Material 183 5.1.5 Pellet Manufacturing Technology of the Distributed Type Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Resin Composites 189 5.1.6 Future Outlook 197 5.2 Processing Technology of Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 197 Hirokazu Ito 5.2.1 Raw Materials 198 5.2.2 Compounding Process 203 5.2.3 Molding Process 207 5.2.4 The Future Outlook for WPC in Industry 209 References 209 6 Biofiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites 213 Masatoshi Kubouchi, Terence P. Tumolva, and Yoshinobu Shimamura 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Materials and Fabrication Techniques 213 6.2.1 Thermosetting Resins 213 6.2.2 Natural Fibers 215 6.2.3 Fabrication Techniques 217 6.3 Biofiber-Reinforced Synthetic Thermoset Composites 220 6.3.1 Polyester-Based Composites 220 6.3.2 Epoxy-Based Composites 222 6.3.3 Vinyl Ester-Based Composites 223 6.3.4 Phenolic Resin-Based Composites 224 6.3.5 Other Thermoset-Based Composites 225 6.4 Biofiber-Reinforced Biosynthetic Thermoset Composites 225 6.4.1 Lignin-Based Composites 225 6.4.2 Protein-Based Composites 226 6.4.3 Tannin-Based Composites 227 6.4.4 Triglyceride-Based Composites 228 6.4.5 Other Thermoset-Based Composites 229 6.5 End-of-Life Treatment of NFR Thermoset Composites 231 6.5.1 Recycling as Composite Fillers 231 6.5.2 Pyrolysis 232 6.5.3 Chemical Recycling 232 6.5.4 Energy Recovery 233 6.6 Conclusions 233 References 234 7 Biofiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites 239 Susheel Kalia, Balbir Singh Kaith, Inderjeet Kaur, and James Njuguna 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Source of Biofibers 240 7.3 Types of Biofibers 241 7.3.1 Annual Biofibers 241 7.3.2 Perennial Biofibers (Wood Fibers) 245 7.4 Advantages of Biofibers 248 7.5 Disadvantages of Biofibers 248 7.6 Graft Copolymerization of Biofibers 250 7.7 Surface Modifications of Biofibers Using Bacterial Cellulose 252 7.8 Applications of Biofibers as Reinforcement 255 7.8.1 Composite Boards 256 7.8.2 Biofiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites 259 7.9 Biofiber Graft Copolymers Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites 271 7.10 Bacterial Cellulose and Bacterial Cellulose-Coated, Biofiber-Reinforced, Thermoplastic Composites 274 7.11 Applications of Biofiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites 277 7.12 Conclusions 278 References 279 8 Biofiber-Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites 289 Parambath Madhom Sreekumar, Preetha Gopalakrishnan, and Jean Marc Saiter 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 Natural Rubber (NR) 289 8.3 Biofibers 290 8.4 Processing 292 8.5 Biofiber-Reinforced Rubber Composites 292 8.5.1 Cure Characteristics 293 8.5.2 Mechanical Properties 294 8.5.3 Viscoelastic Properties 300 8.5.4 Diffusion and Swelling Properties 302 8.5.5 Dielectric Properties 304 8.5.6 Rheological and Aging Characteristics 305 8.6 Approaches to Improve Fiber-Matrix Adhesion 307 8.6.1 Mercerization 307 8.6.2 Benzoylation 308 8.6.3 Coupling Agents 308 8.6.4 Bonding Agents 309 8.7 Applications 312 8.8 Conclusions 312 References 312 9 Improvement of Interfacial Adhesion in Bamboo Polymer Composite Enhanced with Microfibrillated Cellulose 317 Kazuya Okubo and Toru Fujii 9.1 Introduction 317 9.2 Materials 318 9.2.1 Matrix 318 9.2.2 Bamboo Fibers 318 9.2.3 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 319 9.3 Experiments 320 9.3.1 Fabrication Procedure of Developed Composite Using PLA, BF, and MFC (PLA/BF/MFC Composite) 320 9.3.2 Three-Point Bending Test 321 9.3.3 Microdrop Test 321 9.3.4 Fracture Toughness Test 321 9.3.5 Bamboo Fiber Embedded Test 322 9.4 Results and Discussion 322 9.4.1 Internal State of PLA/BF/MFC Composite 322 9.4.2 Bending Strength of PLA/BF/MFC Composite 322 9.4.3 Fracture Toughness of PLA/BF/MFC Composite 325 9.4.4 Crack Propagation Behavior 325 9.5 Conclusion 328 Acknowledgments 328 References 328 10 Textile Biocomposites 331 10.1 Elastic Properties of Twisted Yarn Biocomposites 331 Koichi Goda and Rie Nakamura 10.1.1 Introduction 331 10.1.2 Classical Theories of Yarn Elastic Modulus 332 10.1.3 Orthotropic Theory for Twisted Yarn-Reinforced Composites 335 10.1.4 Conclusion 344 10.2 Fabrication Process for Textile Biocomposites 345 Asami Nakai and Louis Laberge Lebel 10.2.1 Introduction 345 10.2.2 Intermediate Materials for Continuous Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites 345 10.2.3 Braid-Trusion of Jute/Polylactic Acid Composites 349 10.2.4 Conclusion 358 References 358 11 Bionanocomposites 361 Eliton S. Medeiros, Amelia S.F. Santos, Alain Dufresne, William J. Orts, and Luiz H. C. Mattoso 11.1 Introduction 361 11.2 Bionanocomposites 362 11.2.1 Bionanocomposite Classification 362 11.2.2 Reinforcements Used in Bionanocomposites 364 11.2.3 Matrices for Bionanocomposites 369 11.2.4 Mixing, Processing, and Characterization of Bionanocomposites 380 11.2.5 Polysaccharide Bionanocomposites 383 11.2.6 Protein Bionanocomposites 391 11.2.7 Bionanocomposites Using Biodegradable Polymers from Microorganisms and Biotechnology 399 11.2.8 Bionanocomposites Using Biodegradable Polymers from Petrochemical Products 406 11.2.9 Other Biodegradable Polymers 416 11.3 Final Remarks 419 References 420 12 Fully Biodegradable ''Green'' Composites 431 Rie Nakamura and Anil N. Netravali 12.1 Introduction 431 12.2 Soy Protein-Based Green Composites 434 12.2.1 Introduction 434 12.2.2 Fiber/Soy Protein Interfacial Properties 435 12.2.3 Effect of Soy Protein Modification on the Properties of Resins and Composites 437 12.3 Starch-Based Green Composites 441 12.3.1 Introduction 441 12.3.2 Fiber Treatments 442 12.3.3 Cellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced ''Green'' Composites 446 12.3.4 Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Green Composites 447 12.4 Biodegradation of ''Green'' Composites 450 12.4.1 Biodegradation of PHBV 451 12.4.2 Effect of Soy Protein Modification on Its Biodegradation 455 12.4.3 Biodegradation of Starch-Based Green Composites 458 References 460 13 Applications and Future Scope of ''Green'' Composites 465 Hyun-Joong Kim, Hyun-Ji Lee, Taek-Jun Chung, Hyeok-Jin Kwon, Donghwan Cho, and William Tai Yin Tze 13.1 Introduction 465 13.1.1 Biodegradable Plastics versus Traditional Plastics 466 13.2 Applications of Biocomposites (Products/Applications/Market) 467 13.2.1 Survey of Technical Applications of Natural Fiber Composites 467 13.2.2 Automotive Applications 469 13.2.3 Structural Applications 472 13.3 Future Scope 476 13.3.1 Choice of Materials and Processing Methods 477 13.4 Conclusion 478 References 479 14 Biomedical Polymer Composites and Applications 483 Dionysis E. Mouzakis 14.1 Introduction 483 14.2 Biocompatibility Issues 485 14.3 Natural Matrix Based Polymer Composites 488 14.3.1 Silk Biocomposites 488 14.3.2 Chitin and Chitosan as Matrices 489 14.3.3 Mammal Protein-Based Biocomposites 490 14.3.4 Hyaluronic Acid Composites 491 14.3.5 Other Natural Polymer Matrices 493 14.4 Synthetic Polymer Matrix Biomedical Composites 494 14.4.1 Biodegradable Polymer Matrices 495 14.4.2 Synthetic Polymer Composites 499 14.5 Smart Polymers and Biocomposites 502 14.6 Polymer-Nanosystems and Nanocomposites in Medicine 504 14.7 Conclusions 506 14.8 Outlook 507 References 507 15 Environmental Effects, Biodegradation, and Life Cycle Analysis of Fully Biodegradable ''Green'' Composites 515 Ajalesh Balachandran Nair, Palanisamy Sivasubramanian, Preetha Balakrishnan, Kurungattu Arjunan Nair Ajith Kumar, and Meyyarappallil Sadasivan Sreekala 15.1 Introduction 515 15.2 Environmental Aspects 518 15.3 Environmental Impacts of Green Composite Materials 520 15.4 Choice of Impact Categories 521 15.4.1 Global Warming 521 15.4.2 Acidification 521 15.4.3 Abiotic Depletion 521 15.5 Environmental Impact of Polylactide 522 15.6 Environmental Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 523 15.7 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts 526 15.7.1 Composting 526 15.7.2 Landfill Degradation 526 15.7.3 Energy Use 526 15.8 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts 526 15.8.1 Pollution of Aquatic Environments 527 15.8.2 Litter 528 15.9 Biodegradation 529 15.9.1 Biodegradability Test 530 15.10 Advantages of Green Composites over Traditional Composites 532 15.11 Disadvantages of Green Composites 532 15.12 Application and End-Uses 532 15.12.1 Automobiles 533 15.12.2 Aircrafts and Ships 533 15.12.3 Mobile Phones 533 15.12.4 Decorative Purposes 534 15.12.5 Uses 534 15.13 Biodegradation of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) under Different Environmental Conditions 534 15.13.1 Biodegradation of Polyvinyl Alcohol under Composting Conditions 535 15.13.2 Biodegradation of Polyvinyl Alcohol in Soil Environment 535 15.13.3 Anaerobic Biodegradation of Polyvinyl Alcohol in Aqueous Environments 536 15.14 Biodegradation of Polylactic Acid 536 15.15 Biodegradation of Polylactic Acid and Its Composites 537 15.16 Biodegradation of Cellulose 539 15.17 Cellulose Fiber-Reinforced Starch Biocomposites 539 15.18 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 541 15.18.1 Methods 542 15.18.2 Green Design Metrics 543 15.18.3 Decision Matrix 545 15.19 Life Cycle Assessment Results 546 15.20 Green Principles Assessment Results 548 15.21 Comparison 548 15.22 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Green Composites 551 15.22.1 Fiber Composites 551 15.22.2 Natural Fibers 552 15.22.3 Life Cycle Analysis of Polylactide (PLA) 552 15.23 Life Cycle Analysis of Poly(hydroxybutyrate) 556 15.24 Life Cycle Analysis of Cellulose Fibers 556 15.25 Conclusions 558 Abbreviations 559 References 561 Index 569

巻冊次

set ISBN 9783527329854

内容説明

The first systematic reference on the topic with an emphasis on the characteristics and dimension of the reinforcing filler Volume One begins by discussing the state of the art, new challenges, and opportunities of macro and micro composites. Volume Two focuses on nanoparticles, investigating their synthesis, surface modification and characterization, as well as the manufacturing technology of nanocomposites and their interface modification and characterization. Volume Three on biocomposites discusses the synthesis, structure and properties of natural and synthetic biopolymers, as well as the preparation, microstructure and properties of biofibers, together with their surface modification, characterization, and manufacturing.

目次

VOLUME 1 - MACRO AND MICRO COMPOSITES Part 1: Introduction to Polymer Composites State of the Art, New Challenges and Opportunities / Micro and Macro Mechanics of Polymer Composites / Interfaces in Micro and Macro Composites / Preparation and Manufacturing Techniques for Macro and Micro Polymer Composites Part 2: Macro Systems Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Carbon Fibre / Glass Fibre / Kevlar Fibre / Polyester Fibre / Nylon Fibre / Polyolefin Fibre / Silica Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites Textile Composites 2d and 3d Woven Fabric Composites Poylmer Composites as Geotextiles Polymer Hybrid Composites Part 3: Micro Systems Micro Particle Reinforced Polymer Composites Synthesis, Surface Modification and Characterization of Micro Particulate Fillers and Flakes / Carbon Black Filled / Silica Filled / Metall Filled /Mica Filled Polymer Micro Composites Applications of Macro and Micro Filler Reinforced Polymer Composites Recovery, Recycling and Life Cycle Analysis of Synthetic Polymeric Composites VOLUME 2 - NANOCOMPOSITES State of the Art - Nanomechanics Synthesis, Surface Modification and Characterization of Nanoparticles Manufacturing Technology of Nanocomposites Interface Modification of Nanocomposites Characterisation of Nanocomposites Morphology Characterization / NMR and ESR Characterization / Scattering Methods / Mechanical and Visco Elastic Characterization / Optical Analysis / Barrier Property Analysis / Thermal Analysis / Accoustic Emission Technique / Theory and Simulation Nanoclay Filled Plastic Composites Nanoclay Filled Rubber Composites Carbon Nanotube Filled Polymer Composites Health Hazards, Recycling and Life Cycle Analysis of Nanomaterials and Their Composites Applications of Nanocomposites VOLUME 3 - BIOCOMPOSITES State of the Art - Biocomposites Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymers Preparation, Microstructure and Properties of Biofibers Surface Modification and Characterisation of Biofibres Manufacturing and Characterization of Biofibres Manufacturing and Processing of Biocomposites Biofibre Reinforced Thermoset Composites Biofibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites Hybrid Biofibre Composites Textile Biocomposites Bionanocomposites Fully Biodegradable Green Composites Application and Future Scope of Green Composites Environmental Effects, Biodegradation and Life Cycle Analysis of Fully Biodegradable Green Composites

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BB15776701
• ISBN:
  • 9783527329854
  • 3527329854
  • 9783527326242
  • 3527326243
  • 9783527329793
  • 9783527329809
• 出版国コード: gw
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: Weinheim,[Chichester
• ページ数/冊数: 3 v.
• 大きさ: 25 cm
• 分類:
  • DC23 : 620.192
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Polymeric composites
  • LCSH : Nanocomposites (Materials)