Foundations of Sharīʿah governance of Islamic banks

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Bibliographic Information

Foundations of Sharīʿah governance of Islamic banks

Karim Ginena, Azhar Hamid

（Wiley finance series）

Wiley, 2015

  • : hardback

Available at  / 5 libraries

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Includes index

Description and Table of Contents

Description

A practical guide for robust shar 'ah governance of the Islamic banking industry Debate in the market on the extent of shar 'ah compliance of Islamic banks, their products, and activities has piqued stakeholders' interest. In Foundations of Shar 'ah Governance of Islamic Banks, Karim Ginena and Azhar Hamid explore the depths of shar 'ah governance to unravel its mysterious dimensions, and equip academics and practitioners with a solid understanding of the subject, which has become a serious challenge and thus deserves dedicated attention. The authors make a strong case for the need to contain the shar 'ah risk that Islamic banks experience, and present a compelling argument for how this should be done. Ginena and Hamid propose a robust shar 'ah governance model that comprehensively tackles thisrisk, and helps improve the extent of shar 'ah compliance of market players. The authors detail the internal, external, and institutional arrangements needed to promote responsible shar 'ah governance, and critically analyze current laws, regulations, and industry practices on the topic. The chapters of the book do the following: * Examine the roots, characteristics and objectives of shar 'ah and its relation to financial dealings; * Probe the role of regulators in shar 'ah governance, explore the different approaches adopted by banking supervisors, and provide examples of relevant legal and regulatory measures; * Explain to bank directors and management the fiduciary duty they assume with respect to shar 'ah compliance, and detail how they could discharge this responsibility in line with best practices; * Elaborate on the purpose of the Shar 'ah Supervisory Board (SSB), its responsibilities, competence criteria, internal regulations, and key governance guidelines; additionally, they explore different SSB models; * Describe the internal shar 'ah control system including its six components, and examine the internal shar 'ah audit function as well as different stages of conducting a shar 'ah audit; * Clarify the role of a shar 'ah auditor, with guidance on reporting lines, scope of duties, authority, and practical ways on fulfilling tasks, such as a sample shar 'ah risk assessment grid and audit checklists; * Discuss the newly emerging external shar 'ah advisory firms that are expected to play a key role in the coming years and the services they provide. Through an effective treatment of each of these elements, and the way that they interact with one another, the book offers a fresh take on how robust shar 'ah governance of Islamic banks can be successfully accomplished. It is a comprehensive resource for academics, regulators, directors, lawyers, auditors, consultants, employees, and customers of Islamic banks interested in learning more about these challenges. This essential reading persuasively extends the discourse on the subject and addresses critical shar 'ah issues that have policy implications for decision makers in jurisdictions aiming to attract the fast-growing Islamic finance industry or increase their market share.

Table of Contents

Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xv Introduction xvii Part I 1 Karim Ginena Chapter 1 The Roots, Characteristics, and Objectives of Shari ah and the Islamic Economic System 3 1.1 Shari ah, the Qur an, and Sunnah 3 1.2 What is Fiqh? 8 1.3 Performing Ijtihad and Differences in Juristic Opinions 11 1.4 Shari ah Rulings 16 1.4.1 Obligation-Creating Shari ah Rulings 16 1.4.2 Declaratory Shari ah Rulings 19 1.5 The Subject of a Shari ah Ruling 19 1.6 Characteristics of Shari ah 23 1.7 Objectives of Shari ah 30 1.8 The Islamic Economic System and its Characteristics 35 1.9 Objectives of Shari ah Relating to Property 50 Chapter 2 Corporate and Shari ah Governance of Islamic Banks 57 2.1 Corporate Governance Gains Prominence 57 2.2 Hisba System and an Islamic Perspective on Corporate Governance 60 2.3 OECD and Islamic Principles of Corporate Governance 65 2.4 Importance of Corporate Governance to Banking Sector 67 2.5 The Financial Crisis and Corporate Governance Challenges 69 2.6 Developing Countries and Corporate Governance Issues 70 2.7 Corporate Governance Concerns for Islamic Banks 71 2.8 IFSB and AAOIFI Issue Guidance 71 2.9 Adapted Corporate Governance Understanding 72 2.10 Stakeholders of Islamic Banks and their Governance Responsibilities 73 2.11 Connecting Risk Management, Corporate Governance, and Shari ah Compliance 76 2.12 Shari ah Governance Model 80 2.13 Importance of Shari ah Governance 83 2.14 Shari ah Supervision vs Governance 83 2.15 Shari ah Risk Definition 84 2.16 Shari ah Risk and Possible Implications 85 2.16.1 Credit Risk 85 2.16.2 Legal and Compliance Risk 85 2.16.3 Reputational Risk 86 2.16.4 Market Risk 86 2.17 Shari ah Risk Causes and Events 88 2.17.1 Internal Causes 88 2.17.2 External Causes 94 2.18 Shari ah Risk Management 96 2.19 Shari ah Compliance Responsibility of BOD and Senior Management 97 Appendix 2.1: Operational Risk Loss Event Types 102 Chapter 3 Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Shari ah Governance 103 3.1 Institutional Arrangements 103 3.2 Shari ah and Common Law Encounters in English Courts 106 3.2.1 The Islamic Investment Company of the Gulf (Bahamas) Ltd v Symphony Gems N.V. & others 106 3.2.2 Shamil Bank of Bahrain E.C. v Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd & Others 109 3.2.3 Investment Dar Co KSCC v Blom Developments Bank Sal 111 3.3 Lessons Learned from Cases and the Desirability of a Secular Interpretation of Shari ah 112 3.4 Malaysia: A Common Law Jurisdiction of Choice? 113 3.5 Role of Banking Supervisors in Shari ah Governance 117 3.6 Regulatory Approaches to Shari ah Governance 119 3.6.1 Hands-off 120 3.6.2 Nominal 124 3.6.3 Engaged 125 3.6.4 Proactive 132 3.6.5 Committed 143 Appendix 3.1: Legal and Regulatory Framework for IFSI in Jurisdictions with Known IIFS presence 152 Chapter 4 The Internal Shari ah Control System 181 4.1 Internal Shari ah Control Definition and Objectives 181 4.2 Shari ah Control System Components 182 4.2.1 Shari ah Control Culture 182 4.2.2 Shari ah Risk Identification and Assessment 184 4.2.3 Shari ah Control Activities 185 4.2.4 Shari ah Associated Information and Communication 186 4.2.5 Shari ah Monitoring of Activities 188 4.2.6 Evaluation of Internal Shari ah Control System by Banking Supervisors 189 4.3 Internal Shari ah Audit Function 191 4.3.1 Purpose, Responsibility, and Authority 191 4.3.2 ISAF in Practice 191 4.3.3 Importance of Independence and Objectivity 192 4.3.4 Planning for Shari ah Audit 193 4.3.5 Engagement Program Execution 200 4.3.6 Communicating Findings 201 4.3.7 Following Up and Post-Engagement 202 4.3.8 Shari ah Audit Quality Assurance Program 203 4.4 Proficiency and Due Professional Care of ISAF Staff 204 4.5 Professional Shari ah Audit Body 205 4.6 Shari ah Governance Manual 205 Appendix 4.1: Sample Shari ah Governance Manual (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 207 Appendix 4.2: Sample Shari ah Audit Checklists (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 223 Part II Azhar Hamid Chapter 5 The Shari ah Supervisory Board 249 5.1 The Shari ah Supervisory Board Defined 249 5.2 Multiple Titles for the SSB 252 5.3 Importance and Purpose of the Shari ah Supervisory Board 254 5.4 History of SSBs in Modern Islamic Banking 256 5.4.1 Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions 257 5.4.2 Islamic Financial Services Board 258 5.4.3 Organization of Islamic Conference Fiqh Academy 258 5.5 Key Governance Guidelines: Independence, Objectivity, Confidentiality, Consistency, Transparency, and Disclosure 260 5.5.1 Independence 260 5.5.2 Objectivity 263 5.5.3 Confidentiality 265 5.5.4 Consistency 267 5.5.5 Transparency and Disclosure 269 5.6 Regulating SSBs 270 5.6.1 GCC Jurisdictions 271 5.6.2 Non-GCC Jurisdictions 273 5.7 SSB Location Within the Organizational Chart 275 5.8 SSB Models 276 5.8.1 SSB at IB Model 277 5.8.2 SSB at Central Bank and IB Model 277 5.8.3 Central Authority and SSB at IB Model 279 5.8.4 Market-Driven SSB at IB Model 279 5.9 An SSB-Free Model? 280 5.9.1 Need to Understand Shari ah Requirements for the Industry 281 5.9.2 Securing the Support of Key Stakeholders 281 5.9.3 Commitment to a Unified Shari ah Reference 281 5.9.4 Being Highly Receptive to New Developments in Industry 282 Chapter 6 Shari ah Supervisory Board Member Qualifications and Internal Regulations 283 6.1 Competence of SSB Members 283 6.1.1 Character, Professional Ethics, and Conduct 284 6.1.2 Academic Qualifications of SSB Members 289 6.1.3 Experience 294 6.1.4 Essential Skills for SSB Members 297 6.1.5 Professional SSBs 298 6.2 Establishing an SSB 299 6.2.1 Systemized SSB Application Process 299 6.3 SSB Charter 303 6.3.1 Number of SSB Members 303 6.3.2 Terms of Agreement 304 6.3.3 Reporting Line 304 6.3.4 Reappointment 304 6.3.5 Selection of SSB Chairman and Executive SSB Member 305 6.3.6 SSB Members Remuneration 306 6.3.7 Compensating SSB Members 308 6.3.8 Procedure for Dismissal and Resignation 308 6.3.9 Procedure for Replacing an SSB Member 310 6.3.10 SSB Meetings 311 6.3.11 Frequency of Meetings 311 6.3.12 Quorum for SSB Meetings 312 6.3.13 Decision-Making Process 312 6.3.14 Meeting Minutes 314 Chapter 7 Authority of the Shari ah Supervisory Board and Conflict Management 315 7.1 SSB Authority 315 7.2 Nature of SSB Decisions 317 7.3 BOD and Management Responsibility Towards the SSB 319 7.3.1 Address SSB Matters in Company Bylaws and Establish Shari ah Governance Framework 320 7.3.2 Grant SSB Access to Information 320 7.3.3 Seek SSB Guidance and Abide by its Fatawa and Resolutions 320 7.3.4 Honor SSB Independence 321 7.3.5 Provide Administrative Support 321 7.3.6 Assess SSB Performance 321 7.4 Conflict between SSB Members 322 7.5 Conflict between the BOD and the SSB 323 7.6 Conflict between Management and the SSB 323 Appendix 7.1: Performance Evaluation Form for SSB Members (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 325 Chapter 8 Stages of Shari ah Supervision and Responsibilities of the Shar-i ah Supervisory Board 329 8.1 Shari ah Supervision 329 8.1.1 Ex-ante Shari ah Supervision 330 8.1.2 Intermediate Shari ah Supervision Stage 332 8.1.3 Ex-post Shari ah Supervision 333 8.2 Responsibilities of SSB Members 335 8.2.1 Collective Responsibilities 335 8.2.2 Individual Responsibilities 342 8.3 Chairman and Executive SSB Member(s) and their Responsibilities 344 8.3.1 Issuing Fatawa and Ijtihad in Islamic Finance 345 8.3.2 Differences in Juristic Opinion and Conflict Resolution 349 8.3.3 Different Approaches to Issuing Fatawa 351 8.3.4 Reversal of Fatawa and Implications 351 8.4 Annual Shari ah Compliance Report 352 8.4.1 AAOIFI s Report 353 8.4.2 Possible Opinions in the Report 355 Appendix 8.1: Lease Ending with transfer of Ownership Financing Instrument (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 357 Chapter 9 Shari ah Advisory Firms 363 9.1 Introduction to Shari ah Advisory Firms 363 9.2 Services Offered by Shari ah Advisory Firms 364 9.2.1 Shari ah Supervision 365 9.2.2 Internal Shari ah Audit 365 9.2.3 External Shari ah Audit 366 9.2.4 Product Development and Transaction Structuring 367 9.2.5 Legal Document Preparation and Review 368 9.2.6 Shari ah Training 368 9.3 Outsourcing Internal Shari ah Functions 369 9.4 Regulation 369 9.4.1 Adherence to Directives and Guidance Issued 369 9.4.2 Competency 370 9.4.3 Monitoring 370 9.5 Liability 370 Appendix 9.1: Application Form for the Appointment of an External Shari ah Audit Office (Also available on the book companion website at www.wiley.com/go/shariahgovernance) 371 Index 373

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