Refugees from armed conflict : the 1951 refugee convention and international humanitarian law
著者
書誌事項
Refugees from armed conflict : the 1951 refugee convention and international humanitarian law
（International law）
Intersentia, c2015
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注記
Includes bibliographical references: p. 227-257
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Armed conflicts are a major cause of forced displacement, but people displaced by conflict are often not recognised as refugees under the 1951 Refugee Convention. They are frequently considered as having fled from generalised violence rather than from persecution.This book determines the international meaning of the refugee definition in Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention as regards refugee protection claims related to situations of armed conflict in the country of origin. Although the human rights-based interpretation of the refugee definition is widely accepted, the interpretation and application of the 1951 Refugee Convention as regards claims to refugee status that relate to armed conflict is often marred with difficulties. Moreover, contexts of armed conflict pose the question of whether and to what extent the refugee definition should be interpreted in light of international humanitarian law. This book identifies the potential and limits of this interpretative approach. Starting from the history of international refugee law, the book situates the 1951 Refugee Convention within the international legal framework for the protection of the individual in armed conflict.It examines the refugee definition in light of human rights, international humanitarian law and international criminal law, focusing on the elements of the refugee definition that most benefit from this interpretative approach: persecution and the requirement that the refugee claimant's predicament must be causally linked to race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.
Refugees from Armed Conflict is of interest to academics and practitioners in international refugee and human rights law.
目次
CO N T E N TS Acknowledgements ... vii Abbreviations ... xiii Chapter 1. Introduction ... 1 1. Overview of the Topic ... 1 2. Structure of the Book ... 9 2.1. Research Questions and Objectives ... 9 2.2. Methodology and Sources ... 10 2.2.1. General Observations ... 10 2.2.2. The Views of UNHCR and its Executive Committee ... 12 2.2.3. Customary International Humanitarian Law ... 14 2.3. Scope of the Book ... 18 2.3.1. Delimitations ... 18 2.3.2. Definition of Armed Conflict ... 19 2.4. Outline of the Book ... 22 Chapter 2. The Historical Evolution of International Refugee Law in Light of Armed Confl ict ... 27 1. Introduction ... 27 2. The Inter-War Period ... 27 2.1. Arrangements for Russian and Armenian Refugees... 27 2.2. Arrangements for Refugees from Germany ... 31 3. Th e Aftermath of the Second World War and Beyond ... 32 3.1. The Establishment of the International Refugee Organisation ... 33 3.2. The Creation of UNHCR and the Evolution of its Mandate ... 34 3.3. The Adoption of the Refugee Convention and its Protocol ... 36 4. Conclusion ... 38 Chapter 3. The International Legal Framework for the Protection of the Individual in Armed Confl ict ... 41 1. Introduction ... 41 2. The Protection of the Individual in Armed Conflict ... 42 2.1. International Human Rights Law ... 43 Intersentia Refugees from Armed Confl ict 2.2. International Humanitarian Law ... 46 2.2.1. Material Scope of Protection ... 46 2.2.2. Protection of Nationals and Stateless Persons ... 49 2.3. International Criminal Law ... 63 2.4. Result ... 64 3. Interactions ... 65 3.1. The Refugee Convention and Other Branches of International Law . . 65 3.1.1. International Human Rights Law ... 65 3.1.2. International Humanitarian Law ... 68 3.1.3. International Criminal Law ... 71 3.1.4. Result ... 72 3.2. International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law ... 73 3.3. Result ... 77 4. Conceptual Approaches ... 77 4.1. Fragmentation ... 77 4.2. The International Law for Humankind ... 78 4.3. Discussion ... 80 4.4. Result ... 80 5. Conclusion ... 81 Chapter 4. The Interpretation of the Refugee Defi nition ... 83 1. Introduction ... 83 2. Armed Conflict and Refugee Status Determination ... 83 3. Interpretative Methods and Actors... 88 3.1. Overview ... 88 3.2. UNHCR and its Executive Committee ... 94 3.3. Interpreting the Refugee Definition in Light of International Law ... 95 3.3.1. International Human Rights Law ... 95 3.3.2. Customary International Humanitarian Law ... 97 3.3.3. International Criminal Law ... 101 4. Conclusion ... 102 Chapter 5. The Well-Founded Fear of Being Persecuted... 105 1. Introduction ... 105 2. Well-Founded Fear ... 105 2.1. Burden of Proof and Standard of Proof ... 105 2.2. Risk Assessment ... 107 2.2.1. Subjective-Objective Approach versus Objective Approach . . 107 2.2.2. Individualisation ... 110 2.3. Result ... 112 Contents 3. The Human Rights-Based Interpretation of Persecution ... 113 3.1. Hierarchical Approach... 113 3.2. Two-Tiered Approach... 114 3.3. Discussion ... 115 3.3.1. General Observations ... 115 3.3.2. Material Scope in Peace and Armed Conflict ... 116 3.3.3. Persecutors ... 118 3.3.4. Victims of Persecution ... 120 3.4. Result ... 121 4. Persecution in Light of Customary International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law ... 121 4.1. Violations of Customary International Humanitarian Law in General... 121 4.2. War Crimes as Intensity Yardstick ... 127 4.3. Result ... 128 5. A Complementary Approach to Understanding Persecution in Armed Conflict ... 129 5.1. Overview ... 129 5.2. Lex specialis derogat legi generali? ... 131 5.3. Selected Forms of Persecution ... 134 5.3.1. Use of Lethal Force ... 134 5.3.2. Torture ... 140 5.3.3. Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Violence... 142 5.3.4. Enforced Disappearance ... 143 5.3.5. Forced Recruitment or Participation of Children in Hostilities ... 145 5.3.6. Starvation as a Method of Warfare ... 148 5.3.7. Use of Chemical Weapons ... 151 5.3.8. Forced Displacement as a Method of Warfare ... 152 5.3.9. Arbitrary Deprivation of Liberty ... 156 5.4. Result ... 162 6. Conclusion ... 163 Chapter 6. Lack of Protection in the Country of Origin... 165 1. Introduction ... 165 2. Lack of Protection ... 165 2.1. Textual and Conceptual Bases ... 165 2.2. Providers of Protection ... 168 2.3. Effectiveness of Protection ... 170 2.4. Result ... 173 3. Internal Protection Alternative ... 174 3.1. Textual and Conceptual Bases ... 174 Intersentia Refugees from Armed Confl ict 3.2. Criteria for the Existence of an Internal Protection Alternative ... 175 3.2.1. Accessibility ... 176 3.2.2. Protection in the Narrow Sense ... 177 3.2.3. Protection in the Broader Sense ... 179 3.3. Result ... 180 4. Conclusion ... 181 Chapter 7. The Nexus to a Refugee Convention Ground in Armed Confl ict ... 183 1. Introduction ... 183 2. The Nexus Requirement in International Refugee Law... 184 2.1. The Causal Relationship... 184 2.2. The Standard of Causation ... 185 2.3. Comparative versus Non-Comparative Approach ... 186 2.4. Context of Armed Conflict ... 189 2.5. Result ... 190 3. The Nexus Requirement in Light of Customary International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law ... 191 3.1. General Observations... 191 3.2. The Principle of Military Necessity ... 192 3.2.1. The Notion of Military Necessity ... 193 3.2.2. Rules Implicitly Referring to Military Necessity ... 195 3.2.3. Rules Explicitly Referring to Military Necessity ... 198 3.3. The Principle of Distinction ... 200 3.4. The Principle of Proportionality ... 204 3.5. Result ... 207 4. The Refugee Convention Grounds ... 208 4.1. Race, Religion, Nationality ... 208 4.2. Membership of a Particular Social Group ... 211 4.3. Political Opinion ... 213 5. Conclusion ... 218 Chapter 8. Conclusion ... 219 Bibliography ... 227 Refugees from Armed Confl ict ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IFOR Implementation Force IHL international humanitarian law Imm AR Immigration Appeal Reports INLR Immigration and Nationality Law Reports INS Immigration and Naturalization Service IPA internal protection alternative IRB Immigration and Refugee Board i.e. id est LNTS League of Nations Treaty Series LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam mn margin number NVwZ Neue Zeitschrift fur Verwaltungsrecht (New Journal for Administrative Law) NZRSAA New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority MIMA Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Aff airs OJ Offi cial Journal para. paragraph QB Queen's Bench RRTA Refugee Review Tribunal of Australia SCR Supreme Court Reports SSHD Secretary of State for the Home Department UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland UKAIT United Kingdom Asylum and Immigration Tribunal UKHL United Kingdom House of Lords US United States of America UN United Nations UNTS United Nations Treaty Series UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees VCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties VG Verwaltungsgericht (Administrative Court) VGH Verwaltungsgerichtshof (Higher Administrative Court) WL Westlaw Transcripts WLR Weekly Law Reports
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