Tcl and the Tk toolkit
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Tcl and the Tk toolkit
（Addison-Wesley professional computing series）
Addison Wesley, c2010
2nd ed
- : pbk
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Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
John K. Ousterhout's Definitive Introduction to Tcl/Tk-Now Fully Updated for Tcl/Tk 8.5
Tcl and the Tk Toolkit, Second Edition, is the fastest way for newcomers to master Tcl/Tk and is the most authoritative resource for experienced programmers seeking to gain from Tcl/Tk 8.5's powerful enhancements. Written by Tcl/Tk creator John K. Ousterhout and top Tcl/Tk trainer Ken Jones, this updated volume provides the same extraordinary clarity and careful organization that made the first edition the world's number one Tcl/Tk tutorial.
Part I introduces Tcl/Tk through simple scripts that demonstrate its value and offer a flavor of the Tcl/Tk scripting experience. The authors then present detailed, practical guidance on every feature necessary to build effective, efficient production applications-including variables, expressions, strings, lists, dictionaries, control flow, procedures, namespaces, file and directory management, interprocess communication, error and exception handling, creating and using libraries, and more.
Part II turns to the Tk extension and Tk 8.5's new themed widgets, showing how to organize sophisticated user interface elements into modern GUI applications for Tcl.
Part III presents incomparable coverage of Tcl's C functions, which are used to create new commands and packages and to integrate Tcl with existing C software-thereby leveraging Tcl's simplicity while accessing C libraries or executing performance-intensive tasks.
Throughout, the authors illuminate all of Tcl/Tk 8.5's newest, most powerful improvements. You'll learn how to use new Starkits and Starpacks to distribute run-time environments and applications through a single file; how to take full advantage of the new virtual file system support to treat entities such as zip archives and HTTP sites as mountable file systems; and more.
From basic syntax to simple Tcl commands, user interface development to C integration, this fully updated classic covers it all. Whether you're using Tcl/Tk to automate system/network administration, streamline testing, control hardware, or even build desktop or Web applications, this is the one Tcl/Tk book you'll always turn to for answers.
目次
Preface xxv
Preface to the First Edition xxvii
Introduction xxxi
PART I: The Tcl Language 1
Chapter 1: An Overview of Tcl and Tk 3
1.1: Getting Started 3
1.2: "Hello, World!" with Tk 6
1.3: Script Files 8
1.4: Variables and Substitutions 11
1.5: Control Structures 12
1.6: On the Tcl Language 14
1.7: Event Bindings 15
1.8: Additional Features of Tcl and Tk 19
Chapter 2: Tcl Language Syntax 21
2.1: Scripts, Commands, and Words 21
2.2: Evaluating a Command 22
2.3: Variable Substitution 24
2.4: Command Substitution 26
2.5: Backslash Substitution 26
2.6: Quoting with Double Quotes 28
2.7: Quoting with Braces 29
2.8: Argument Expansion 30
2.9: Comments 32
2.10: Normal and Exceptional Returns 35
2.11: More on Substitutions 36
Chapter 3: Variables 39
3.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 39
3.2: Simple Variables and the set Command 41
3.3: Tcl's Internal Storage of Data 41
3.4: Arrays 42
3.5: Variable Substitution 43
3.6: Multidimensional Arrays 45
3.7: Querying the Elements of an Array 46
3.8: The incr and append Commands 47
3.9: Removing Variables: unset and array unset 49
3.10: Predefined Variables 49
3.11: Preview of Other Variable Facilities 50
Chapter 4: Expressions 53
4.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 53
4.2: Numeric Operands 54
4.3: Operators and Precedence 55
4.4: Math Functions 58
4.5: Substitutions 60
4.6: String Manipulation 62
4.7: List Manipulation 63
4.8: Types and Conversions 63
4.9: Precision 64
Chapter 5: String Manipulation 65
5.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 65
5.2: Extracting Characters: string index and string range 69
5.3: Length, Case Conversion, Trimming, and Repeating 70
5.4: Simple Searching 70
5.5: String Comparisons 71
5.6: String Replacements 72
5.7: Determining String Types 73
5.8: Generating Strings with format 74
5.9: Parsing Strings with scan 76
5.10: Glob-Style Pattern Matching 78
5.11: Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions 79
5.12: Using Regular Expressions for Substitutions 87
5.13: Character Set Issues 89
5.14: Message Catalogs 91
5.15: Binary Strings 95
Chapter 6: Lists 101
6.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 101
6.2: Basic List Structure and the lindex and llength Commands 103
6.3: Creating Lists: list, concat, and lrepeat 105
6.4: Modifying Lists: lrange, linsert, lreplace, lset, and lappend 106
6.5: Extracting List Elements: lassign 109
6.6: Searching Lists: lsearch 110
6.7: Sorting Lists: lsort 111
6.8: Converting between Strings and Lists: split and join 111
6.9: Creating Commands as Lists 113
Chapter 7: Dictionaries 115
7.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 116
7.2: Basic Dictionary Structure and the dict get Command 118
7.3: Creating and Updating Dictionaries 120
7.4: Examining Dictionaries: The size, exists, keys, and for Subcommands 122
7.5: Updating Dictionary Values 123
7.6: Working with Nested Dictionaries 126
Chapter 8: Control Flow 131
8.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 131
8.2: The if Command 132
8.3: The switch Command 133
8.4: Looping Commands: while, for, and foreach 136
8.5: Loop Control: break and continue 138
8.6: The eval Command 139
8.7: Executing from Files: source 140
Chapter 9: Procedures 143
9.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 143
9.2: Procedure Basics: proc and return 144
9.3: Local and Global Variables 146
9.4: Defaults and Variable Numbers of Arguments 146
9.5: Call by Reference: upvar 148
9.6: Creating New Control Structures: uplevel 150
9.7: Applying Anonymous Procedures 151
Chapter 10: Namespaces 155
10.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 155
10.2: Evaluating Tcl Code in a Namespace 158
10.3: Manipulating Qualified Names 161
10.4: Exporting and Importing Namespace Commands 162
10.5: Inspecting Namespaces 163
10.6: Working with Ensemble Commands 164
10.7: Accessing Variables from Other Namespaces 169
10.8: Controlling the Name Resolution Path 170
Chapter 11: Accessing Files 173
11.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 173
11.2: Manipulating File and Directory Names 176
11.3: The Current Working Directory 179
11.4: Listing Directory Contents 179
11.5: Working with Files on Disk 181
11.6: Reading and Writing Files 185
11.7: Virtual File Systems 194
11.8: Errors in System Calls 196
Chapter 12: Processes and Interprocess Communication 197
12.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 197
12.2: Terminating the Tcl Process with exit 199
12.3: Invoking Subprocesses with exec 199
12.4: I/O to and from a Command Pipeline 203
12.5: Configuring Channel Options 204
12.6: Event-Driven Channel Interaction 206
12.7: Process IDs 209
12.8: Environment Variables 210
12.9: TCP/IP Socket Communication 210
12.10: Sending Commands to Tcl Programs 214
Chapter 13: Errors and Exceptions 219
13.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 219
13.2: What Happens after an Error? 220
13.3: Generating Errors from Tcl Scripts 222
13.4: Trapping Errors with catch 222
13.5: Exceptions in General 223
13.6: Background Errors and bgerror 227
Chapter 14: Creating and Using Tcl Script Libraries 229
14.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 230
14.2: The load Command 232
14.3: Using Libraries 232
14.4: Autoloading 233
14.5: Packages 234
14.6: Tcl Modules 239
14.7: Packaging Your Scripts as Starkits 242
Chapter 15: Managing Tcl Internals 247
15.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 247
15.2: Time Delays 253
15.3: Time and Date Manipulation 254
15.4: Timing Command Execution 259
15.5: The info Command 259
15.6: Tracing Operations on Simple Variables 264
15.7: Tracing Array Variables 268
15.8: Renaming and Deleting Commands 269
15.9: Tracing Commands 270
15.10: Unknown Commands 272
15.11: Slave Interpreters 274
Chapter 16: History 283
16.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 283
16.2: The History List 284
16.3: Specifying Events 285
16.4: Re-executing Commands from the History List 285
16.5: Shortcuts Implemented by unknown 286
16.6: Current Event Number: history nextid 287
PART II: Writing Scripts for Tk 289
Chapter 17: An Introduction to Tk 291
17.1: A Brief Introduction to Windowing Systems 292
17.2: Widgets 294
17.3: Applications, Toplevel Widgets, and Screens 296
17.4: Scripts and Events 297
17.5: Creating and Destroying Widgets 297
17.6: Geometry Managers 298
17.7: Widget Commands 299
17.8: Commands for Interconnection 300
Chapter 18: A Tour of the Tk Widgets 303
18.1: Widget Basics 304
18.2: Frames 306
18.3: Color Options 307
18.4: Toplevels 308
18.5: Labels 309
18.6: Labelframes 312
18.7: Buttons 312
18.8: Listboxes 317
18.9: Scrollbars 318
18.10: Scales 321
18.11: Entries 323
18.12: Menus 327
18.13: Panedwindow 334
18.14: Standard Dialogs 337
18.15: Other Common Options 339
Chapter 19: Themed Widgets 343
19.1: Comparing Classic and Themed Widgets 343
19.2: Combobox 345
19.3: Notebook 346
19.4: Progressbar 349
19.5: Separator 350
19.6: Sizegrip 350
19.7: Treeview 350
19.8: Themed Widget States 358
19.9: Themed Widget Styles 360
19.10: Other Standard Themed Widget Options 364
Chapter 20: Fonts, Bitmaps, and Images 367
20.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 367
20.2: The font Command 369
20.3: The image Command 375
Chapter 21: Geometry Managers 385
21.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 386
21.2: An Overview of Geometry Management 387
21.3: The Gridder 389
21.4: The Packer 396
21.5: Padding 404
21.6: The Placer 405
21.7: Hierarchical Geometry Management 405
21.8: Widget Stacking Order 407
21.9: Other Geometry Manager Options 408
21.10: Other Geometry Managers in Tk 409
Chapter 22: Events and Bindings 413
22.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 413
22.2: Events 414
22.3: An Overview of the bind Command 416
22.4: Event Patterns 417
22.5: Sequences of Events 419
22.6: Substitutions in Scripts 419
22.7: Conflict Resolution 421
22.8: Event-Binding Hierarchy 422
22.9: When Are Events Processed? 423
22.10: Named Virtual Events 425
22.11: Generating Events 427
22.12: Logical Actions 428
22.13: Other Uses of Bindings 431
Chapter 23: The Canvas Widget 433
23.1: Canvas Basics: Items and Types 433
23.2: Manipulating Items with Identifiers and Tags 436
23.3: Bindings 439
23.4: Canvas Scrolling 444
23.5: PostScript Generation 445
Chapter 24: The Text Widget 447
24.1: Text Widget Basics 447
24.2: Text Indices and Marks 450
24.3: Search and Replace 451
24.4: Text Tags 453
24.5: Virtual Events 458
24.6: Embedded Windows 459
24.7: Embedded Images 460
24.8: Undo 462
24.9: Peer Text Widgets 464
Chapter 25: Selection and the Clipboard 467
25.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 468
25.2: Selections, Retrievals, and Types 469
25.3: Locating and Clearing the Selection 470
25.4: Supplying the Selection with Tcl Scripts 471
25.5: The clipboard Command 473
25.6: Drag and Drop 474
Chapter 26: Window Managers 477
26.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 478
26.2: Window Sizes 481
26.3: Window Positions 482
26.4: Gridded Windows 483
26.5: Window States 484
26.6: Decorations 485
26.7: Special Handling: Transients, Groups, and Override-Redirect 486
26.8: System-Specific Window Attributes 487
26.9: Dockable Windows 488
26.10: Window Close 489
26.11: Session Management 490
Chapter 27: Focus, Modal Interaction, and Custom Dialogs 491
27.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 491
27.2: Input Focus 493
27.3: Modal Interactions 495
27.4: Custom Dialogs 499
Chapter 28: More on Configuration Options 505
28.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 505
28.2: The Option Database 506
28.3: Option Database Entries 507
28.4: The RESOURCE_MANAGER Property and .Xdefaults File 508
28.5: Priorities in the Option Database 509
28.6: The option Command 510
28.7: The configure Widget Command 511
28.8: The cget Widget Command 512
Chapter 29: Odds and Ends 513
29.1: Commands Presented in This Chapter 513
29.2: Destroying Widgets 514
29.3: The update Command 514
29.4: Information about Widgets 516
29.5: The tk Command 516
29.6: Variables Managed by Tk 517
29.7: Ringing the Bell 518
PART III: Writing Tcl Applications in C 519
Chapter 30: Tcl and C Integration Philosophy 521
30.1: Tcl versus C: Where to Draw the Line 523
30.2: Resource Names-Connecting C Constructs to Tcl 524
30.3: "Action-Oriented" versus "Object-Oriented" 525
30.4: Representing Information 526
Chapter 31: Interpreters 527
31.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 527
31.2: Interpreters 529
31.3: A Simple Tcl Application 530
31.4: Deleting Interpreters 531
31.5: Multiple Interpreters 531
Chapter 32: Tcl Objects 533
32.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 534
32.2: String Objects 537
32.3: Numerical Objects 537
32.4: Fetching C Values from Objects 538
32.5: The Dynamic Nature of a Tcl Object 539
32.6: Byte Arrays 540
32.7: Composite Objects 540
32.8: Reference Counting 540
32.9: Shared Objects 541
32.10: New Object Types 542
32.11: Parsing Strings 543
32.12: Memory Allocation 544
Chapter 33: Evaluating Tcl Code 545
33.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 545
33.2: Evaluating Tcl Code 546
33.3: Dynamically Building Scripts 548
33.4: Tcl Expressions 549
Chapter 34: Accessing Tcl Variables 551
34.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 551
34.2: Setting Variable Values 553
34.3: Reading Variables 555
34.4: Unsetting Variables 556
34.5: Linking Tcl and C Variables 556
34.6: Setting and Unsetting Variable Traces 558
34.7: Trace Callbacks 559
34.8: Whole-Array Traces 561
34.9: Multiple Traces 561
34.10: Unset Callbacks 562
Chapter 35: Creating New Tcl Commands 563
35.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 563
35.2: Command Functions 566
35.3: Registering Commands 567
35.4: The Result Protocol 569
35.5: Tcl_AppendResult 569
35.6: Tcl_SetResult and interp->result 570
35.7: clientData and Deletion Callbacks 572
35.8: Deleting Commands 575
35.9: Fetching and Setting Command Parameters 576
35.10: How Tcl Procedures Work 578
35.11: Command Traces 579
Chapter 36: Extensions 581
36.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 581
36.2: The Init Function 582
36.3: Packages 583
36.4: Namespaces 584
36.5: Tcl Stubs 584
36.6: The ifconfig Extension 585
Chapter 37: Embedding Tcl 593
37.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 593
37.2: Adding Tcl to an Application 594
37.3: Initialize Tcl 595
37.4: Creating New Tcl Shells 596
Chapter 38: Exceptions 599
38.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 599
38.2: Completion Codes 600
38.3: Setting errorCode 603
38.4: Managing the Return Options Dictionary 604
38.5: Adding to the Stack Trace in errorInfo 605
38.6: Tcl_Panic 608
Chapter 39: String Utilities 611
39.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 611
39.2: Dynamic Strings 617
39.3: String Matching 621
39.4: Regular Expression Matching 622
39.5: Working with Character Encodings 624
39.6: Handling Unicode and UTF-8 Strings 625
39.7: Command Completeness 627
Chapter 40: Hash Tables 629
40.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 630
40.2: Keys and Values 631
40.3: Creating and Deleting Hash Tables 632
40.4: Creating Entries 633
40.5: Finding Existing Entries 635
40.6: Searching 636
40.7: Deleting Entries 637
40.8: Statistics 638
Chapter 41: List and Dictionary Objects 639
41.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 639
41.2: Lists 642
41.3: Dictionaries 644
Chapter 42: Channels 649
42.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 649
42.2: Channel Operations 656
42.3: Registering Channels 658
42.4: Standard Channels 660
42.5: Creating a New Channel Type 661
Chapter 43: Handling Events 671
43.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 671
43.2: Channel Events 672
43.3: Timer Events 676
43.4: Idle Callbacks 677
43.5: Invoking the Event Dispatcher 678
Chapter 44: File System Interaction 681
44.1: Tcl File System Functions 681
44.2: Virtual File Systems 683
Chapter 45: Operating System Utilities 685
45.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 685
45.2: Processes 687
45.3: Reaping Child Processes 689
45.4: Asynchronous Events 690
45.5: Signal Names 693
45.6: Exiting and Cleanup 693
45.7: Miscellaneous 694
Chapter 46: Threads 695
46.1: Functions Presented in This Chapter 695
46.2: Thread Safety 697
46.3: Building Threaded Tcl 697
46.4: Creating Threads 697
46.5: Terminating Threads 698
46.6: Mutexes 698
46.7: Condition Variables 699
46.8: Miscellaneous 701
Chapter 47: Building Tcl and Extensions 703
47.1: Building Tcl and Tk 703
47.2: The Tcl Extension Architecture (TEA) 707
47.3: Building Embedded Tcl 714
Appendixes 715
Appendix A: Installing Tcl and Tk 717
A.1: Versions 717
A.2: Bundled Tcl Distributions 718
A.3: ActiveTcl 718
A.4: Tclkits 719
A.5: Compiling Tcl/Tk from Source Distributions 719
Appendix B: Extensions and Applications 721
B.1: Obtaining and Installing Extensions 721
B.2: TkCon Extended Console 724
B.3: The Standard Tcl Library, Tcllib 725
B.4: Additional Image Formats with Img 725
B.5: Sound Support with Snack 725
B.6: Object-Oriented Tcl 726
B.7: Multithreaded Tcl Scripting 727
B.8: XML Programming 727
B.9: Database Programming 728
B.10: Integrating Tcl and Java 728
B.11: SWIG 729
B.12: Expect 729
B.13: Extended Tcl 730
Appendix C: Tcl Resources 731
C.1: Online Resources 731
C.2: Books 732
Appendix D: Tcl Source Distribution License 735
Index 737
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