CiNii Books - Basic electrical engineering

Beginning with the fundamentals of electricity and electrical elements, the book provides an exhaustive coverage of network theory and analysis, magnetic circuits and energy conversion, alternating and direct current machines, basic analogue instruments, and ends with a brief introduction to power systems. Emphasizing on the fundamental concepts, the book develops understanding and problem-solving skills by providing a large number of worked examples and chapter-end exercises.

Table of Contents

1.1 ESSENCE OF ELECTRICITY
1.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ELECTRIC CHARGE
1.3 CONDUCTORS, SEMI-CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
1.4 ELECTROSTATICS
1.4.1 COULOMB'S LAW
1.4.2 ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY
1.4.3 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
1.4.4 ELECTRIC FLUX
1.4.5 ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY
1.4.6 GAUSS'S LAW
1.4.7 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO LONG STRAIGHT CHARGED CONDUCTOR
1.4.7 ELECTRIC FIELD BETWEEN TWO CHARGED PARALLEL PLATES
1.4.7 ELECTRIC FIELD OF A UNIFORMLY CHARGED SPHERE
1.5 ELECTRIC CURRENT
1.6 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
1.7 ELECTRIC POWER
1.8 OHM'S LAW
1.9 BASIC CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
1.9.1 RESISTORS
1.9.2 INDUCTORS
1.9.3 CAPACITORS
1.10 ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA AND RELATED LAWS
1.10.1 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOW
1.10.2 FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
1.10.3 FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1.11 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
2.1BASIC DEFINITIONS OF SOME COMMONLY USED TERMS
2.2 NETWORK SOURCES
2.2.1 IDEAL INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE
2.2.2 IDEAL INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCE
2.2.3 DEPENDENT SOURCES
2.2.4 PRACTICAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES
2.2.5 SOURCE CONVERSION
2.3 RESISTIVE NETWORKS
2.3.1 SERIES RESISTORS AND THE VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE
2.3.2 PARALLEL RESISTORS AND THE CURRENT DIVIDER RULE
2.4 INDUCTIVE NETWORKS
2.4.1 INDUCTANCES IN SERIES
2.4.2 INDUCTANCES IN PARALLEL
2.5 CAPACITIVE NETWORKS
2.5.1 CAPACITANCES IN SERIES
2.5.2 CAPACITANCES IN PARALLEL
2.6 SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS
2.7 STAR-DELTA OR, Y- CONVERSION
2.7.1 STAR RESISTANCES IN TERMS OF DELTA RESISTANCES
2.7.2 DELTA RESISTANCES IN TERMS OF STAR RESISTANCES
2.8 NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
2.9 THE MESH CURRENT METHOD
2.10 NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
2.11 NETWORK THEOREMS
2.11.1 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
2.11.2 THEVENIN'S (HELMHOLTZ'S) THEOREM
2.11.3 NORTON'S THEOREM
2.11.4 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
2.12 TRANSIENTS
2.12.1 TRANSIENT IN RL CIRCUIT
2.12.1 TRANSIENT IN RC CIRCUIT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
3.3 MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH (H)
3.4 MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
3.4.1 AMPERE'S CIRCUITAL LAW
3.5 PERMEABILITY
3.5.1 PERMEABILITY OF FREE SPACE
3.5.2 RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
3.6RELUCTANCE
3.7 ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
3.8 MAGNETIC POTENTIAL DROP
3.9 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT COMPUTATIONS
3.9.1 SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
3.9.2 PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
3.10 MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS
3.10.1 HYSTERESIS LOOP
3.10.2 HYSTERESIS LOSS
3.11SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
3.11.1 SELF-INDUCTANCE
3.11.2 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
3.11.2.1 COUPLING COEFFICIENT
3.11.2.2 COUPLED CIRCUITS
3.12 ENERGY IN LINEAR MAGNETIC SYSTEMS
3.13 COILS CONNECTED IN SERIES
3.14 ATTRACTING FORCE OF ELECTROMAGNETS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 GENERATION OF A.C. VOLTAGES
4.3 WAVEFORMS AND BASIC DEFINITIONS
4.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREQUENCY, SPEED AND NUMBER OF POLES
4.5 ROOT MEAN SQUARE AND AVERAGE VALUES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT AND VOLTAGES
4.5.1 ROOT MEAN SQUARE (R.M.S.) OR EFFECTIVE VALUES
4.5.1.1 ROOT MEAN SQUARE (R.M.S.) VALUES OF SINUSOIDAL CURRENT AND VOLTAGE
4.5.2 AVERAGE VALUES
4.5.2.1 AVERAGE VALUES OF SINUSOIDAL CURRENT AND VOLTAGE
4.6 FORM FACTOR AND PEAK FACTOR
4.7 PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF ALTERNATING QUANTITIES
4.7.1 PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF QUANTITIES WITH A PHASE DIFFERENCE
4.7.2 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF PHASOR QUANTITIES
4.8 THE J OPERATOR AND PHASOR ALGEBRA
4.8.1 RESOLUTION OF PHASORS
4.8.2 THE J OPERATOR
4.8.3 REPRESENTATION OF PHASORS IN THE COMPLEX PLANE
4.8.4 PHASOR ALGEBRA
4.8.4.1 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF PHASORS
4.8.4.2 MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF PHASORS
4.9 ANALYSIS OF A.C. CIRCUITS WITH SINGLE BASIC NETWORK ELEMENT
4.9.1 RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
4.9.2 PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
4.9.3 PURELY CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
4.10 SINGLE PHASE SERIES CIRCUITS
4.10.1 RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE IN SERIES
4.10.2 RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE IN SERIES
4.10.3 RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE IN SERIES CIRCUIT
4.10.4 IMPEDANCES IN SERIES
4.11 SINGLE PHASE PARALLEL CIRCUITS
4.11.1 RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE IN PARALLEL
4.11.2 RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL
4.11.3 RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL
4.11.4 IMPEDANCES IN PARALLEL
4.12 SERIES PARALLEL COMBINATION OF IMPEDANCES 4.13 POWER IN A.C. CIRCUITS
4.13.1 POWER IN RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
4.13.2 POWER IN PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
4.13.3 POWER IN PURELY CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
4.13.4 POWER IN A CIRCUIT WITH RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE
4.13.4.1 ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWERS
4.13.4.2 VOLT-AMPERE AND COMPLEX POWER
4.13.4.3 POWER FACTOR AND REACTIVE FACTOR
4.13.5 NEED FOR POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
4.14 RESONANCE IN A.C. CIRCUITS
4.14.1 SERIES RESONANCE
4.14.1.1 Q FACTOR
4.14.1.2 BANDWIDTH
4.14.2 RESONANCE IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT
4.14.2.1 PRACTICAL LC PARALLEL CIRCUIT
4.14.2.2 RESONANCE BY VARYING L AND C
4.15 STAR DELTA OR Y- TRANSFORMATION
4.15.1 STAR IMPEDANCES IN TERMS OF DELTA IMPEDANCES
4.15.2 DELTA IMPEDANCES IN TERMS OF STAR IMPEDANCES
4.16 NODAL VOLTAGE AND MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS OF A.C. NETWORKS
4.17 NETWORK THEOREMS
4.17.1 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
4.17.2 THEVENIN'S THEOREM
4.17.3 NORTON'S THEOREM
4.17.4 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
5.1 DISADVANTAGES OF SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEM AND ADVANTAGES OF THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
5.2 THREE-PHASE SUPPLY VOLTAGE
5.2.1 GENERATION OF THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE
5.2.2 THE PHASE SEQUENCE
5.2.3 REPRESENTATION OF THREE-PHASE GENERATOR
5.2.4 CONNECTION OF GENERATOR PHASES
5.2.4.1 DELTA CONNECTED GENERATOR
5.2.4.2 STAR CONNECTED GENERATOR
5.2.5 CONCEPT OF THREE PHASE SUPPLY
5.2.5.1 STAR CONNECTED SUPPLY: VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
5.2.5.2 DELTA CONNECTED SUPPLY: VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
5.2.5.3 SPECIFICATIONS OF THREE PHASE SUPPLY
5.3 POWER IN THREE-PHASE A.C. SYSTEM WITH BALANCED LOAD
5.3.1 INSTANTANEOUS POWER IN THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
5.3.2 REACTIVE AND APPARENT POWER
5.3.3 COMPLEX POWER
5.4 ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
5.4.1 STAR CONNECTED SUPPLY AND STAR BALANCED LOAD
5.4.2 STAR CONNECTED SUPPLY AND DELTA BALANCED LOAD
5.4.3 UNBALANCED THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
5.5 MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER IN THREE-PHASE NETWORK
5.5.1 ONE WATTMETER METHOD
5.5.2 TWO WATTMETER METHOD
5.5.2.1 UNBALANCED THREE PHASE LOAD
5.5.2.2 ACTIVE POWER AND POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT OF BALANCED THREE PHASE LOAD
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 RESPONSE OF MAGNETIC CIRCUITS TO A. C. VOLTAGE
6.3 CORE LOSSES
6.3.1 HYSTERESIS LOSS
6.3.2 EDDY CURRENT LOSS
6.4 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMERS
6.4.1 MAGNETIC CORE
6.4.2 WINDINGS AND INSULATION
6.4.3 TRANSFORMER TANK
6.5 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
6.6 THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
6.6.1 IDEAL TRANSFORMER ON NO-LOAD
6.6.2 IDEAL TRANSFORMER ON LOAD
6.6.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER
6.7 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
6.7.1 ADDING CORE LOSSES TO THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
6.7.2 INCORPORATING RESISTANCES AND LEAKAGE REACTANCES TO IDEAL TRANSFORMER AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
6.7.3 APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
6.8 TRANSFORMER TESTING
6.8.1 OPEN-CIRCUIT (OC) TEST
6.8.2 SHORT CIRCUIT (SC) TEST
6.9 TRANSFORMER REGULATION
6.10 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
6.10.1 MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY CONDITION
6.10.2 ALL DAY EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER
6.11 VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
6.11.1 TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
6.11.2 TYPE OF CONNECTIONS
6.11.2.1 AUTO-TRANSFORMERS
6.11.2.2 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
6.11.3 SPECIAL TYPE OF TRANSFORMERS
6.11.3.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
6.11.3.2 AUDIO FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
7.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF STATIONARY ARMATURE AND ROTATING FIELD
7.2.2 STATOR
7.2.3 ROTOR
7.2.3.1 SALIENT POLE MACHINES
7.2.3.2 NON-SALIENT POLE MACHINES
7.2.3.3 FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
7.3 THREE-PHASE ARMATURE WINDING
7.3.1 TYPES OF WINDINGS
7.3.1.1 SINGLE LAYER WINDING
7.3.1.2 DOUBLE LAYER WINDING
7.4 GENERATED E.M.F. IN A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
7.4.1 DISTRIBUTED WINDING
7.4.2 SHORT PITCH COILS
7.5 ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO THREE PHASE CURRENTS
7.5.1 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
7.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF A THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
7.6.1 ARMATURE REACTION
7.6.1.1 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH RESISTIVE LOAD
7.6.1.2 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH INDUCTIVE LOAD
7.6.1.3 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH CAPACITIVE LOAD
7.6.1.4
EFFECT OF ARMATURE REACTION ON TERMINAL VOLTAGE
7.6.2 PHASOR DIAGRAM AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
7.6.2.1 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR AT NO-LOAD
7.6.2.2 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ON LOAD
7.6.2.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
7.7 VOLTAGE REGULATION
7.8 OPEN CIRCUIT (OC) AND SHORT CIRCUIT (SC) TESTS ON A THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
7.9 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
7.9.1 EFFECT OF VARYING THE PRIME MOVER TORQUE
7.9.2 EFFECT OF VARYING THE FIELD CURRENT
7.10 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
7.10.1PHASOR DIAGRAM AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
7.10.2 ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL POWER
7.10.3 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR OPERATION AT CONSTANT LOAD AND VARIABLE EXCITATION
7.11 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
8.2.1 STATOR
8.2.2 ROTOR
8.2.2.1 SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
8.2.2.2 WOUND ROTOR
8.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
8.3.1 SLIP AND ROTOR FREQUENCY
8.3.2 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT EQUATIONS AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
8.3.3 POWER BALANCE IN INDUCTION MOTOR
8.3.4 TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS
8.3.5 INDUCTION MOTOR TESTING
8.3.5.1 NO LOAD TEST
8.3.5.2 BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
8.3.6 STARTING OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
8.3.6.1 DIRECT ON LINE (DOL) STARTING
8.3.6.2 STAR-DELTA STARTER
8.3.6.3 AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER
8.3.6.4 ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTING
8.3.7 SPEED CONTROL OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
8.3.7.1 POLE-CHANGING METHOD
8.3.7.2 VARIABLE FREQUENCY METHOD
8.3.7.3 VARIABLE STATOR-VOLTAGE METHOD
8.3.7.3 VARIABLE ROTOR-RESISTANCE METHOD
8.3.7.5 CONTROL BY SOLID STATE SWITCHING
8.3.8 SQUIRREL CAGE VERSUS WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION MOTORS
8.4 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
8.4.1 MAGNETIC FIELD OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
8.4.2 ROTOR SLIP AND TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS
8.4.3 TYPES OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
8.4.3.1 SPLIT-PHASE MOTOR
8.4.3.1 CAPACITOR MOTOR
8.4.3.1 SHADED-POLE MOTOR
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINES
9.2.1 STATOR
9.2.2 ROTOR
9.3 ARMATURE WINDINGS
9.3.1 LAP WINDINGS
9.3.2 WAVE WINDINGS
9.4 GENERATION OF D.C. VOLTAGE AND TORQUE PRODUCTION IN A D.C. MACHINE
9.4.1 COMMUTATOR ACTION
9.5 TORQUE PRODUCTION IN A DC MACHINE
9.6 OPERATION OF A D.C. MACHINE AS A GENERATOR
9.6.1 EXPRESSION FOR GENERATED E.M.F
9.6.2 EXPRESSION FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC TORQUE IN A DC MACHINE
9.6.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A D.C. GENERATOR
9.6.4 CLASSIFICATION OF D.C. GENERATORS
9.6.5 OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR
9.6.6 OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF-EXCITED (SHUNT) GENERATOR
9.6.7 ARMATURE REACTION
9.6.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C. GENERATORS
9.7 OPERATION OF D.C. MACHINE AS A MOTOR
9.7.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A D.C. MOTOR
9.7.2 TYPES OF D.C. MOTORS
9.7.3 BACK E.M.F. IN A D.C. MOTOR
9.7.4 SPEED OF A D.C. MOTOR
9.7.5 TORQUE DEVELOPED IN A D.C. MOTOR
9.7.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C. MOTORS
9.7.7 STARTING OF D.C. MOTORS
9.7.8 SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. MOTORS
9.8 LOSSES IN DC MACHINES
9.9 CONDITION OF MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF A DC MACHINE
9.9.1 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF A GENERATOR
9.9.2 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF A GENERATOR
9.10 APPLICATIONS OF DC MACHINES
9.10.1 DC GENERATORS
9.10.2 DC MOTORS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
10.2.1 MAGNETIC FIELD OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
10.2.2 ROTOR SLIP AND TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS
10.2.3 TYPES OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
10.3 SERVO MOTORS
10.3.1 DC SERVOMOTORS
10.3.2 AC SERVOMOTORS
10.4 STEPPER MOTORS
10.4.1 TYPES OF STEPPER MOTORS
10.4.2 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF STEPPER MOTORS
10.4.3 APPLICATIONS OF STEPPER MOTORS
10.5 HYSTERESIS MOTORS
10.5.1 ADVANTAGES OF HYSTERESIS MOTORS
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
11.2.1 ABSOLUTE INSTRUMENTS
11.2.2 SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS
11.2.3 ANALOGUE INSTRUMENTS
11.2.4 DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS
11.3 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
11.4 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
11.4.1 DEFLECTING SYSTEM
11.4.2 CONTROLLING SYSTEM
11.4.3 DAMPING SYSTEM
11.5 AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS
11.5.1 TYPES OF AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS
11.5.2 EXTENSION OF RANGE
11.6 MEASUREMENT OF POWER
11.6.1 DYNAMOMETER WATTMETER
11.6.2 INDUCTION WATTMETER
11.7 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC ENERGY
11.7.1 TYPES OF ENERGY METER
11.7.2 INDUCTION TYPE ENERGY METER
11.8 MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE
11.8.1 MEGGER
11.9 MEASUREMENT ERRORS
11.9.1 HUMAN OR OPERATOR ERROR
11.9.2 INSTRUMENT ERRORS
11.9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ERRORS
11.9.4 RANDOM ERRORS
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 COMPONENTS OF A POWER SYSTEM
12.3 GENERATION SUBSYSTEM
12.3.1 PRIMARY SOURCES OF ENERGY
12.3.2 TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERATING STATIONS
12.4 TRANSMISSION SUBSYSTEM
12.5 SUB-TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
12.6 DISTRIBUTION SUBSYSTEM
12.6.1 TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
12.7 DOMESTIC WIRING
12.7.1 ELECTRICAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
12.7.2 DOMESTIC WIRING SYSTEM
12.8 EARTHING
12.8.1 PIPE EARTHING
12.8.2 PLATE EARTHING

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Basic electrical engineering

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