Handbook of measurement in science and engineering
著者
書誌事項
Handbook of measurement in science and engineering
Wiley & Sons, 2013-2016
- : set
- vol.1
- vol.2
- vol.3
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内容説明・目次
- 巻冊次
-
vol.1 ISBN 9780470404775
内容説明
A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications Volume 1
"When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." Lord Kelvin
Measurement falls at the heart of any engineering discipline and job function. Whether engineers are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful, useful data.
The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering measurements beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 1 spans several disciplines Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, and Industrial Engineering and covers:
New Measurement Techniques in Structural Health Monitoring
Traffic Congestion Management
Measurements in Environmental Engineering
Dimensions, Surfaces, and Their Measurement
Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement
Vibration Measurement
Temperature Measurement
Force Measurement
Heat Transfer Measurements for Non-Boiling Two-Phase Flow
Solar Energy Measurements
Human Movement Measurements
Physiological Flow Measurements
GIS and Computer Mapping
Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges
Hydrology Measurements
Mobile Source Emissions Testing
Mass Properties Measurement
Resistive Strain Measurement Devices
Acoustics Measurements
Pressure and Velocity Measurements
Heat Flux Measurement
Wind Energy Measurements
Flow Measurement
Statistical Quality Control
Industrial Energy Efficiency
Industrial Waste Auditing
Vital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for members of major engineering associations and academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.
目次
VOLUME 1
PREFACE xxiii
CONTRIBUTORS xxvii
PART I CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1
1 New and Emerging Technologies in Structural Health Monitoring 3
Merit Enckell, Jacob Egede Andersen, Branko Glisic, and Johan Silfwerbrand
1.1 Introduction, 5
1.2 Background, 6
1.3 New and Emerging Technologies, 8
1.4 Fiber-Optic Technology, 16
1.5 Acoustic Emission, 24
1.6 Radar Technology, 27
1.7 Global Positioning System, 31
1.8 Corrosion Monitoring Systems, 33
1.9 Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Systems, 35
1.10 Components of Structural Health Monitoring System, 37
1.11 Structural Health Monitoring System Design, 41
1.12 System Procurement and Installation, 44
1.13 Application of Structural Health Monitoring Systems, 47
1.14 Discussion, 67
1.15 Conclusion, 69
Acknowledgments, 70
References, 71
2 Applications of GIS in Engineering Measurements 79
Gary S. Spring
2.1 Introduction, 79
2.2 Background, 80
2.3 Basic Principles of GIS, 81
2.4 Measurement-Based GIS Applications, 96
2.5 Implementation Issues, 97
2.6 Conclusion, 100
References, 102
3 Traffic Congestion Management 105
Nagui M. Rouphail
3.1 Introduction and Background, 105
3.2 Scope of the Chapter, 106
3.3 Organization of the Chapter, 107
3.4 Fundamentals of Vehicle Emission Estimation, 107
3.5 Inventory of Traffic Congestion Management Methods, 112
3.6 Assessing Emission Impacts of Traffic Congestion Management, 119
3.7 Summary, 128
Acknowledgments, 129
References, 129
4 Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges 133
Eric V. Monzon, Ahmad M. Itani, and Gokhan Pekcan
4.1 Introduction, 133
4.2 Similitude Requirements, 134
4.3 Specimen Fabrication, 141
4.4 Input Motion, 148
4.5 Instrumentation, 150
4.6 Data Acquisition and Processing, 155
4.7 Results, 157
References, 158
5 Measurements in Environmental Engineering 159
Daniel A. Vallero
5.1 Introduction, 159
5.2 Environmental Sampling Approaches, 166
5.3 Laboratory Analysis, 169
5.4 Measurement Uncertainty, 183
5.5 Measurement Decision Making, 186
5.6 Environmental Indicators, 191
5.7 Extending Measurement Data Using Models, 199
5.8 Summary, 200
Nomenclature, 200
References, 202
6 Hydrology Measurements 205
Todd C. Rasmussen
6.1 Introduction, 206
6.2 Precipitation, 209
6.3 Evapotranspiration, 212
6.4 Surface Flow, 216
6.5 Groundwater, 219
6.6 Soil Water, 223
6.7 Water Quality, 226
Suggested Readings, 231
7 Mobile Source Emissions Testing 233
Mohan Venigalla
7.1 Testing for Regulatory Compliance, 234
References, 240
PART II MECHANICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 241
8 Dimensions, Surfaces, and their Measurement 243
Mikell P. Groover
8.1 Dimensions, Tolerances, and Related Attributes, 244
8.2 Conventional Measuring Instruments and Gages, 245
8.3 Surfaces, 254
References, 256
9 Mass Properties Measurement 259
David Tellet
9.1 Introduction, 260
9.2 Mass and Weight, 262
9.3 Measurement Methodology, 264
9.4 Weight and Mass Measurement, 274
9.5 Center of Gravity Measurement, 275
9.6 MOI Measurement, 280
9.7 POI Measurement, 284
9.8 Measuring Large Vehicles, 287
9.9 Sources of Uncertainty, 292
References, 300
10 Force Measurement 301
Patrick Collins
10.1 Introduction, 302
10.2 Force Transducers, 303
10.3 Universal Testing Machines, 306
10.4 The Strain Gauge Sensor, 307
10.5 Resonant Element Transducers, 311
10.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, 314
10.7 Dynamometers, 317
10.8 Optical Force Transducers, 317
10.9 Magneto-Elastic Transducers, 320
10.10 Force Balance Transducers, 321
10.11 Force Transducer Characteristics, 321
10.12 Calibration, 323
10.13 Conclusion, 329
Glossary of Terms, 329
References, 340
11 Resistive Strain Measurement Devices 343
Mark Tuttle
11.1 Preliminary Discussion, 343
11.2 Resistance Metal Strain Gages, 349
11.3 Semiconductor Strain Gages, 363
11.4 Liquid Metal Strain Gages, 365
References, 366
12 Vibration Measurement 367
Sheryl M. Gracewski and Nigel D. Ramoutar
12.1 Introduction, 367
12.2 One-Degree-of-Freedom System Response, 369
12.3 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems and the Frequency Response Function, 373
12.4 Vibration Measurement Equipment and Techniques, 388
12.5 Experimental Modal Analysis, 405
12.6 Applications of Vibration Measurement, 423
Nomenclature, 428
References, 431
13 Acoustical Measurements 433
Brian E. Anderson, Jonathan D. Blotter, Kent L. Gee, and Scott D. Sommerfeldt
13.1 Introduction, 434
13.2 Fundamental Measures, 436
13.3 Microphones, 445
13.4 Sound Pressure Level Measurements, 451
13.5 Measurement of Sound Isolation, 454
13.6 Room Acoustics Measurements, 457
13.7 Community and Environmental Noise, 463
13.8 Sound Intensity Measurements, 465
13.9 Sound Power Measurements, 472
13.10 Sound Exposure Measurements, 476
References, 479
14 Temperature Measurement 483
Peter R. N. Childs
Summary, 484
14.1 Introduction, 484
14.2 Selection, 487
14.3 Invasive Temperature Measurement, 489
14.4 Semi-Invasive Methods, 511
14.5 Noninvasive Methods, 514
14.6 Conclusions, 519
Nomenclature, 519
References, 521
15 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 527
Richard S. Figliola and Donald E. Beasley
15.1 Pressure Concepts, 528
15.2 Pressure Reference Instruments, 530
15.3 Pressure Transducers, 536
15.4 Pressure Transducer Calibration, 543
15.5 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids, 544
15.6 Modeling Pressure and Fluid Systems, 548
15.7 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects, 548
15.8 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems, 552
Nomenclature, 563
References, 564
16 Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement 567
Gamal E. Khalil, Jim W. Crafton, Sergey D. Fonov, Marvin Sellers, and Dana Dabiri
16.1 Introduction, 567
16.2 Principles of Pressure-Sensitive Paint, 569
16.3 Pressure-Sensitive Luminescent Dyes, 571
16.4 PSP Polymer and Binder, 572
16.5 Measurement Methods, 574
16.6 Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurements, 588
Acknowledgments, 611
References, 612
17 Flow Measurement 615
Jesse Yoder
17.1 New-Technology and Traditional Technology Flowmeters, 616
17.2 Trends in Flow Measurement, 627
Further Readings, 628
18 Heat Flux Measurement 629
Thomas E. Diller
18.1 Introduction, 630
18.2 Important Issues, 631
18.3 Gages Based on Spatial Temperature Difference, 634
18.4 Gages Based on Temperature Change with Time, 643
18.5 Gages Based on Active Heating Methods, 648
18.6 Calibration and Errors, 653
References, 655
19 Heat Transfer Measurements for Nonboiling Two-Phase Flow 661
Afshin J. Ghajar and Clement C. Tang
19.1 Introduction, 661
19.2 Experimental Setup for Horizontal and Slightly Inclined Pipes, 662
19.3 Instruments for Measurement and Data Acquisition, 666
19.4 Heat Transfer Experiment Procedures, 667
19.5 Verifying the Functionality of the Experimental Setup, 670
19.6 Experimental Results of Two-Phase Flow, 673
19.7 Concluding Remarks, 682
Nomenclature, 683
References, 684
20 Solar Energy Measurements 687
Tariq Muneer and Yieng Wei Tham
20.1 Introduction, 688
20.2 Measurement Equipment, 694
20.3 Equipment Error and Uncertainty, 703
20.4 Operational Errors, 704
20.5 Diffuse Radiation Data Measurement Errors, 704
20.6 Types of Sensors and their Accuracy, 711
20.7 Modern Developments, 711
20.8 Data Quality Assessment, 714
20.9 Statistical Evaluation of Models, 716
20.10 Outlier Analysis, 722
Acknowledgments, 722
References, 723
21 Wind Energy Measurements 727
Peter Gregg
21.1 Introduction, 728
21.2 Concepts, 728
21.3 Measurements, 731
21.4 Evaluation, 739
References, 747
22 Human Movement Measurements 749
Rahman Davoodi
22.1 Introduction, 749
22.2 Characterization of Human Movement, 750
22.3 Optical Motion Capture Systems, 751
22.4 Magnetic Motion Capture Systems, 754
22.5 Inertial Motion Capture Systems, 756
22.6 Discussion, 761
Acknowledgment, 762
References, 762
23 Flow Measurement 765
Arnold A. Fontaine, Keefe B. Manning, and Steven Deutsch
23.1 Introduction, 765
23.2 Flow Measurement Applications, 768
References, 799
PART III INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 803
24 Statistical Quality Control 805
Magd E. Zohdi
24.1 Measurements and Quality Control, 805
24.2 Dimension and Tolerance, 805
24.3 Quality Control, 806
24.4 Interrelationship of Tolerances of Assembled Products, 812
24.5 Operation Characteristic (OC) Curve, 812
24.6 Control Charts for Attributes, 812
24.7 Acceptance Sampling, 815
24.8 Defense Department Acceptance Sampling by Variables, 817
Further Readings, 817
25 Evaluating and Selecting Technology-Based Projects 819
Hans J. Thamhain
25.1 Management Perspective, 819
25.2 Quantitative Approaches, 821
25.3 Qualitative Approaches, 826
25.4 Recommendations, 828
Variables and Abbreviations, 831
References, 831
26 Manufacturing Systems Evaluation 833
Walter W. Olson
26.1 Introduction, 833
26.2 Components of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, 834
26.3 Manufacturing Systems, 835
26.4 System Effects on ECM, 838
26.5 Assessment, 840
26.6 Summary, 844
References, 845
27 Measuring Performance of Chemical Process Equipment 847
Alan Cross
27.1 Introduction, 847
27.2 Direct Fired Heater Measurement and Process Control
Instrumentation, 848
27.3 Crushing and Grinding Equipment Measurements, 851
References, 858
28 Industrial Energy Efficiency 859
B. Gopalakrishnan, D. P. Gupta, Y. Mardikar, and S. Chaudhari
28.1 Introduction, 860
28.2 Literature Review, 863
28.3 Data Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures, 864
28.4 Energy Efficiency Measures in Major Energy Consuming
Equipment, 872
28.5 Case Studies of Development of Energy-Efficiency Measures, 879
28.6 Conclusion, 881
Acknowledgments, 881
References, 881
29 Industrial Waste Auditing 885
C. Visvanathan
29.1 Overview, 885
29.2 Waste-Minimization Programs, 886
29.3 Waste-Minimization Cycle, 888
29.4 Waste Auditing, 890
29.5 Conclusion, 909
Further Readings, 910
30 Organizational Performance Measurement 911
Jennifer A. Farris, Eileen M. Van Aken, and Geert Letens
30.1 Introduction, 911
30.2 Summary, 940
References, 940
INDEX
- 巻冊次
-
: set ISBN 9781118384633
内容説明
The most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering measurements covering all major engineering disciplines, Handbook of Engineering Measurements, Set provides a multidisciplinary resource of engineering measurement theory, necessary tools, techniques of measurement and analysis, and applications. Encyclopedic in scope, beyond anything currently available on the market, Volume 1 covers civil and environmental engineering, mechanical and biomedical engineering, and industrial engineering; Volume II covers and spans materials properties and testing, instrumentation, and measurement standards.
目次
VOLUME 1 PREFACE xxiii
CONTRIBUTORS xxvii
PART I CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1
1 New and Emerging Technologies in Structural Health Monitoring 3
Merit Enckell, Jacob Egede Andersen, Branko Glisic, and Johan Silfwerbrand
1.1 Introduction, 5
1.2 Background, 6
1.3 New and Emerging Technologies, 8
1.4 Fiber-Optic Technology, 16
1.5 Acoustic Emission, 24
1.6 Radar Technology, 27
1.7 Global Positioning System, 31
1.8 Corrosion Monitoring Systems, 33
1.9 Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Systems, 35
1.10 Components of Structural Health Monitoring System, 37
1.11 Structural Health Monitoring System Design, 41
1.12 System Procurement and Installation, 44
1.13 Application of Structural Health Monitoring Systems, 47
1.14 Discussion, 67
1.15 Conclusion, 69
Acknowledgments, 70
References, 71
2 Applications of GIS in Engineering Measurements 79
Gary S. Spring
2.1 Introduction, 79
2.2 Background, 80
2.3 Basic Principles of GIS, 81
2.4 Measurement-Based GIS Applications, 96
2.5 Implementation Issues, 97
2.6 Conclusion, 100
References, 102
3 Traffic Congestion Management 105
Nagui M. Rouphail
3.1 Introduction and Background, 105
3.2 Scope of the Chapter, 106
3.3 Organization of the Chapter, 107
3.4 Fundamentals of Vehicle Emission Estimation, 107
3.5 Inventory of Traffic Congestion Management Methods, 112
3.6 Assessing Emission Impacts of Traffic Congestion Management, 119
3.7 Summary, 128
Acknowledgments, 129
References, 129
4 Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges 133
Eric V. Monzon, Ahmad M. Itani, and Gokhan Pekcan
4.1 Introduction, 133
4.2 Similitude Requirements, 134
4.3 Specimen Fabrication, 141
4.4 Input Motion, 148
4.5 Instrumentation, 150
4.6 Data Acquisition and Processing, 155
4.7 Results, 157
References, 158
5 Measurements in Environmental Engineering 159
Daniel A. Vallero
5.1 Introduction, 159
5.2 Environmental Sampling Approaches, 166
5.3 Laboratory Analysis, 169
5.4 Measurement Uncertainty, 183
5.5 Measurement Decision Making, 186
5.6 Environmental Indicators, 191
5.7 Extending Measurement Data Using Models, 199
5.8 Summary, 200
Nomenclature, 200
References, 202
6 Hydrology Measurements 205
Todd C. Rasmussen
6.1 Introduction, 206
6.2 Precipitation, 209
6.3 Evapotranspiration, 212
6.4 Surface Flow, 216
6.5 Groundwater, 219
6.6 Soil Water, 223
6.7 Water Quality, 226
Suggested Readings, 231
7 Mobile Source Emissions Testing 233
Mohan Venigalla
7.1 Testing for Regulatory Compliance, 234
References, 240
PART II MECHANICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 241
8 Dimensions, Surfaces, and their Measurement 243
Mikell P. Groover
8.1 Dimensions, Tolerances, and Related Attributes, 244
8.2 Conventional Measuring Instruments and Gages, 245
8.3 Surfaces, 254
References, 256
9 Mass Properties Measurement 259
David Tellet
9.1 Introduction, 260
9.2 Mass and Weight, 262
9.3 Measurement Methodology, 264
9.4 Weight and Mass Measurement, 274
9.5 Center of Gravity Measurement, 275
9.6 MOI Measurement, 280
9.7 POI Measurement, 284
9.8 Measuring Large Vehicles, 287
9.9 Sources of Uncertainty, 292
References, 300
10 Force Measurement 301
Patrick Collins
10.1 Introduction, 302
10.2 Force Transducers, 303
10.3 Universal Testing Machines, 306
10.4 The Strain Gauge Sensor, 307
10.5 Resonant Element Transducers, 311
10.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, 314
10.7 Dynamometers, 317
10.8 Optical Force Transducers, 317
10.9 Magneto-Elastic Transducers, 320
10.10 Force Balance Transducers, 321
10.11 Force Transducer Characteristics, 321
10.12 Calibration, 323
10.13 Conclusion, 329
Glossary of Terms, 329
References, 340
11 Resistive Strain Measurement Devices 343
Mark Tuttle
11.1 Preliminary Discussion, 343
11.2 Resistance Metal Strain Gages, 349
11.3 Semiconductor Strain Gages, 363
11.4 Liquid Metal Strain Gages, 365
References, 366
12 Vibration Measurement 367
Sheryl M. Gracewski and Nigel D. Ramoutar
12.1 Introduction, 367
12.2 One-Degree-of-Freedom System Response, 369
12.3 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems and the Frequency Response Function, 373
12.4 Vibration Measurement Equipment and Techniques, 388
12.5 Experimental Modal Analysis, 405
12.6 Applications of Vibration Measurement, 423
Nomenclature, 428
References, 431
13 Acoustical Measurements 433
Brian E. Anderson, Jonathan D. Blotter, Kent L. Gee, and Scott D. Sommerfeldt
13.1 Introduction, 434
13.2 Fundamental Measures, 436
13.3 Microphones, 445
13.4 Sound Pressure Level Measurements, 451
13.5 Measurement of Sound Isolation, 454
13.6 Room Acoustics Measurements, 457
13.7 Community and Environmental Noise, 463
13.8 Sound Intensity Measurements, 465
13.9 Sound Power Measurements, 472
13.10 Sound Exposure Measurements, 476
References, 479
14 Temperature Measurement 483
Peter R. N. Childs
Summary, 484
14.1 Introduction, 484
14.2 Selection, 487
14.3 Invasive Temperature Measurement, 489
14.4 Semi-Invasive Methods, 511
14.5 Noninvasive Methods, 514
14.6 Conclusions, 519
Nomenclature, 519
References, 521
15 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 527
Richard S. Figliola and Donald E. Beasley
15.1 Pressure Concepts, 528
15.2 Pressure Reference Instruments, 530
15.3 Pressure Transducers, 536
15.4 Pressure Transducer Calibration, 543
15.5 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids, 544
15.6 Modeling Pressure and Fluid Systems, 548
15.7 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects, 548
15.8 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems, 552
Nomenclature, 563
References, 564
16 Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement 567
Gamal E. Khalil, Jim W. Crafton, Sergey D. Fonov, Marvin Sellers, and Dana Dabiri
16.1 Introduction, 567
16.2 Principles of Pressure-Sensitive Paint, 569
16.3 Pressure-Sensitive Luminescent Dyes, 571
16.4 PSP Polymer and Binder, 572
16.5 Measurement Methods, 574
16.6 Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurements, 588
Acknowledgments, 611
References, 612
17 Flow Measurement 615
Jesse Yoder
17.1 New-Technology and Traditional Technology Flowmeters, 616
17.2 Trends in Flow Measurement, 627
Further Readings, 628
18 Heat Flux Measurement 629
Thomas E. Diller
18.1 Introduction, 630
18.2 Important Issues, 631
18.3 Gages Based on Spatial Temperature Difference, 634
18.4 Gages Based on Temperature Change with Time, 643
18.5 Gages Based on Active Heating Methods, 648
18.6 Calibration and Errors, 653
References, 655
19 Heat Transfer Measurements for Nonboiling Two-Phase Flow 661
Afshin J. Ghajar and Clement C. Tang
19.1 Introduction, 661
19.2 Experimental Setup for Horizontal and Slightly Inclined Pipes, 662
19.3 Instruments for Measurement and Data Acquisition, 666
19.4 Heat Transfer Experiment Procedures, 667
19.5 Verifying the Functionality of the Experimental Setup, 670
19.6 Experimental Results of Two-Phase Flow, 673
19.7 Concluding Remarks, 682
Nomenclature, 683
References, 684
20 Solar Energy Measurements 687
Tariq Muneer and Yieng Wei Tham
20.1 Introduction, 688
20.2 Measurement Equipment, 694
20.3 Equipment Error and Uncertainty, 703
20.4 Operational Errors, 704
20.5 Diffuse Radiation Data Measurement Errors, 704
20.6 Types of Sensors and their Accuracy, 711
20.7 Modern Developments, 711
20.8 Data Quality Assessment, 714
20.9 Statistical Evaluation of Models, 716
20.10 Outlier Analysis, 722
Acknowledgments, 722
References, 723
21 Wind Energy Measurements 727
Peter Gregg
21.1 Introduction, 728
21.2 Concepts, 728
21.3 Measurements, 731
21.4 Evaluation, 739
References, 747
22 Human Movement Measurements 749
Rahman Davoodi
22.1 Introduction, 749
22.2 Characterization of Human Movement, 750
22.3 Optical Motion Capture Systems, 751
22.4 Magnetic Motion Capture Systems, 754
22.5 Inertial Motion Capture Systems, 756
22.6 Discussion, 761
Acknowledgment, 762
References, 762
23 Flow Measurement 765
Arnold A. Fontaine, Keefe B. Manning, and Steven Deutsch
23.1 Introduction, 765
23.2 Flow Measurement Applications, 768
References, 799
PART III INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 803
24 Statistical Quality Control 805
Magd E. Zohdi
24.1 Measurements and Quality Control, 805
24.2 Dimension and Tolerance, 805
24.3 Quality Control, 806
24.4 Interrelationship of Tolerances of Assembled Products, 812
24.5 Operation Characteristic (OC) Curve, 812
24.6 Control Charts for Attributes, 812
24.7 Acceptance Sampling, 815
24.8 Defense Department Acceptance Sampling by Variables, 817
Further Readings, 817
25 Evaluating and Selecting Technology-Based Projects 819
Hans J. Thamhain
25.1 Management Perspective, 819
25.2 Quantitative Approaches, 821
25.3 Qualitative Approaches, 826
25.4 Recommendations, 828
Variables and Abbreviations, 831
References, 831
26 Manufacturing Systems Evaluation 833
Walter W. Olson
26.1 Introduction, 833
26.2 Components of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, 834
26.3 Manufacturing Systems, 835
26.4 System Effects on ECM, 838
26.5 Assessment, 840
26.6 Summary, 844
References, 845
27 Measuring Performance of Chemical Process Equipment 847
Alan Cross
27.1 Introduction, 847
27.2 Direct Fired Heater Measurement and Process Control
Instrumentation, 848
27.3 Crushing and Grinding Equipment Measurements, 851
References, 858
28 Industrial Energy Efficiency 859
B. Gopalakrishnan, D. P. Gupta, Y. Mardikar, and S. Chaudhari
28.1 Introduction, 860
28.2 Literature Review, 863
28.3 Data Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures, 864
28.4 Energy Efficiency Measures in Major Energy Consuming
Equipment, 872
28.5 Case Studies of Development of Energy-Efficiency Measures, 879
28.6 Conclusion, 881
Acknowledgments, 881
References, 881
29 Industrial Waste Auditing 885
C. Visvanathan
29.1 Overview, 885
29.2 Waste-Minimization Programs, 886
29.3 Waste-Minimization Cycle, 888
29.4 Waste Auditing, 890
29.5 Conclusion, 909
Further Readings, 910
30 Organizational Performance Measurement 911
Jennifer A. Farris, Eileen M. Van Aken, and Geert Letens
30.1 Introduction, 911
30.2 Summary, 940
References, 940
INDEX
VOLUME 2
PART IV MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND TESTING 945 31 Viscosity Measurement 947
Ann M. Anderson, Bradford A. Bruno, and Lilla Safford Smith
31.1 Viscosity Background, 947
31.2 Common Units of Viscosity, 949
31.3 Major Viscosity Measurement Methods, 959
31.4 ASTM Standards for Measuring Viscosity, 974
31.5 Questions to Ask When Selecting a Viscosity Measurement Technique, 976
References, 979
32 Tribology Measurements 981
Prasanta Sahoo
32.1 Introduction, 982
32.2 Measurement of Surface Roughness, 983
32.3 Measurement of Friction, 988
32.4 Measurement of Wear, 992
32.5 Measurement of Test Environment, 994
32.6 Measurement of Material Characteristics, 998
32.7 Measurement of Lubricant Characteristics, 1001
32.8 Wear Particle Analysis, 1004
32.9 Industrial Measurements, 1005
32.10 Summary, 1006
33 Corrosion Monitoring 1007
Pierre R. Roberge
33.1 What is Corrosion Monitoring?, 1007
33.2 The Role of Corrosion Monitoring, 1008
33.3 Corrosion Monitoring System Considerations, 1010
References, 1116
34 Surface Properties Measurement 1121
Mrinalini Mulukutla and Sandip P. Harimkar
34.1 Introduction, 1121
34.2 Surface Properties, 1122
34.3 Microstructural Analysis, 1125
34.4 Compositional Analysis, 1128
34.5 Phase Analysis, 1130
34.6 Mechanical Testing, 1131
34.7 Corrosion Properties, 1141
34.8 Standards for Surface Engineering Measurement, 1145
References, 1147
35 Thermal Conductivity of Engineering Materials 1151
Juergen Blumm
35.1 Introduction, 1151
35.2 Stationary Methods for Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 1157
35.3 Transient Methods for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 1163
35.4 Test Results on Various Engineering Materials, 1173
References, 1188
36 Optical Methods for the Measurement of Thermal Conductivity 1189
Prabhakar R. Bandaru and Max S. Aubain
36.1 Thermal Boundary Resistance May Limit Accuracy in Contact-Based Thermal Conductivity (k) Measurements, 1189
36.2 Optical Measurements of k May Avoid Contact-Related Issues, 1192
36.3 Thermoreflectance (TR), 1196
36.4 Characteristics of Thermoreflectance from Si Thin Films-Modeling and Calibration, 1199
36.5 Experimental Procedures, 1202
36.6 Results and Discussion, 1204
36.7 Summary and Outlook, 1208
Acknowledgments, 1209
References, 1209
37 Selection of Metals for Structural Design 1213
Matthew J. Donachie
37.1 Introduction, 1214
37.2 Common Alloy Systems, 1215
37.3 What are Alloys and What Affects their Use?, 1215
37.4 What are the Properties of Alloys and How are Alloys Strengthened?, 1218
37.5 Manufacture of Alloy Articles, 1221
37.6 Alloy Information, 1221
37.7 Metals at Lower Temperatures, 1231
37.8 Metals at High Temperatures, 1233
37.9 Melting and Casting Practices, 1236
37.10 Forging, Forming, Powder Metallurgy, and Joining of Alloys, 1242
37.11 Surface Protection of Materials, 1245
37.12 Postservice Refurbishment and Repair, 1248
37.13 Alloy Selection: A Look at Possibilities, 1249
37.14 Level of Property Data, 1252
37.15 Thoughts on Alloy Systems, 1252
37.16 Selected Alloy Information Sources, 1259
Further Readings, 1261
38 Mechanical Properties of Polymers 1263
Daniel Liu, Jackie Rehkopf, and Maureen Reitman
38.1 Microstructure and Morphology of Polymers-Amorphous Versus Crystalline, 1264
38.2 General Stress-Strain Behavior, 1265
38.3 Viscoelasticity, 1271
38.4 Mechanical Models of Viscoelasticity, 1272
38.5 Time-Temperature Dependence, 1274
38.6 Deformation Mechanisms, 1274
38.7 Crazing, 1277
38.8 Fracture, 1279
38.9 Modifying Mechanical Properties, 1284
38.10 Load-Bearing Applications: Creep, Fatigue Resistance, and High Strain Rate Behavior, 1285
References, 1290
39 Electrical Properties of Polymers 1291
Evaristo Riande and Ricardo Diaz-Calleja
39.1 Introductory Remarks, 1291
39.2 Polarity and Permittivity, 1292
39.3 Measurements of Dielectric Permittivity, 1293
39.4 Polarization and Dipole Moments in Isotropic Systems, 1297
39.5 Thermostimulated Depolarization Currents, 1316
39.6 Conductivity in Polyelectrolytes and Polymer-Electrolytes as Separators for Low Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrical Batteries, 1318
39.7 Semiconductors and Electronic Conducting Polymers, 1324
39.8 Ferroelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Piezoelectricity in Polymers, 1328
39.9 Nonlinear Polarization in Polymers, 1331
39.10 Elastomers for Actuators and Sensors, 1333
39.11 Electrical Breakdown in Polymers, 1336
References, 1338
40 Nondestructive Inspection 1343
Robert L. Crane and Jeremy S. Knopp
40.1 Introduction, 1344
40.2 Liquid Penetrants, 1347
40.3 Radiography, 1351
40.4 Ultrasonic Methods, 1361
40.5 Magnetic Particle Method, 1370
40.6 Thermal Methods, 1373
40.7 Eddy Current Methods, 1375
References, 1410
41 Testing of Metallic Materials 1413
Peter C. McKeighan
41.1 Mechanical Test Laboratory, 1414
41.2 Tensile and Compressive Property Testing, 1418
41.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation Testing, 1420
41.4 Hardness and Impact Testing, 1422
41.5 Fracture Toughness Testing, 1425
41.6 Fatigue Testing, 1429
41.7 Other Mechanical Testing, 1433
41.8 Environmental Considerations, 1434
Acknowledgments, 1436
References, 1436
42 Ceramics Testing 1437
Shawn K. McGuire and Michael G. Jenkins
42.1 Introduction, 1437
42.2 Mechanical Testing, 1438
42.3 Thermal Testing, 1451
42.4 Nondestructive Evaluation Testing, 1458
42.5 Electrical Testing, 1460
42.6 Summary, 1461
References, 1461
43 Plastics Testing 1463
Vishu Shah
43.1 Introduction, 1464
43.2 Mechanical Properties, 1464
43.3 Thermal Properties, 1481
43.4 Electrical Properties, 1484
43.5 Weathering Properties, 1488
43.6 Optical Properties, 1492
Further Readings, 1496
44 Testing and Instrumental Analysis for Plastics Processing: Key Characterization Techniques 1499
Maria del Pilar Noriega
44.1 FTIR Spectroscopy, 1499
44.2 Chromatography (GC, GC-MSD, GC-FID, and HPLC), 1500
44.3 DSC and Thermogravimetry (TGA), 1510
44.4 Rheometry, 1518
References, 1527
45 Analytical Tools for Estimation of Particulate Composite Material Properties 1529
Tarek I. Zohdi and Magd E. Zohdi
45.1 Introduction, 1529
45.2 Concepts in Statistical Quality Control, 1530
45.3 Effective Property Estimates, 1531
45.4 Summary, 1535
References, 1537
PART V INSTRUMENTATION 1539
46 Instrument Statics 1541
Jerry Lee Hall, Sriram Sundararajan, and Mahmood Naim
46.1 Terminology, 1541
46.2 Static Calibration, 1544
46.3 Statistics in the Measurement Process, 1547
References, 1570
47 Input and Output Characteristics 1573
Adam C. Bell
47.1 Introduction, 1574
47.2 Familiar Examples of Input-Output Interactions, 1575
47.3 Energy, Power, Impedance, 1578
47.4 Operating Point of Static Systems, 1586
47.5 Transforming the Operating Point, 1598
47.6 Measurement Systems, 1602
47.7 Distributed Systems in Brief, 1607
47.8 Concluding Remarks, 1609
References, 1610
48 Bridge Transducers 1611
Patrick L. Walter
48.1 Terminology, 1612
48.2 Flexural Devices in Measurement Systems, 1612
48.3 The Resistance Strain Gage, 1615
48.4 The Wheatstone Bridge, 1625
48.5 Resistance Bridge Balance Methods, 1634
48.6 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Calibration, 1636
48.7 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Considerations, 1646
48.8 AC Impedance Bridge Transducers, 1655
References, 1660
Further Readings, 1661
49 Signal Processing 1663
John Turnbull
49.1 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Linear Systems, 1663
49.2 Basic Analog Filters, 1666
49.3 Basic Digital Filter, 1672
49.4 Stability and Phase Analysis, 1680
49.5 Extracting Signal from Noise, 1682
References, 1683
50 Data Acquisition and Display Systems 1685
Philip C. Milliman
50.1 Introduction, 1686
50.2 Data Acquisition, 1687
50.3 Process Data Acquisition, 1688
50.4 Data Conditioning, 1691
50.5 Data Storage, 1699
50.6 Data Display and Reporting, 1704
50.7 Data Analysis, 1707
50.8 Data Communications, 1708
50.9 Other Data Acquisition and Display Topics, 1712
50.10 Summary, 1715
References, 1715
PART VI MEASUREMENT STANDARDS 1517
51 Mathematical and Physical Units, Standards, and Tables 1719
Jack H. Westbrook
51.1 Symbols and Abbreviations, 1720
Bibliography for Letter Symbols, 1731
Bibliography for Graphic Symbols, 1737
51.2 Mathematical Tables, 1742
51.3 Statistical Tables, 1765
51.4 Units and Standards, 1775
Bibliography for Units and Measurements, 1802
51.5 Tables of Conversion Factors, 1802
51.6 Standard Sizes, 1833
51.7 Standard Screws, 1886
52 Measurement Uncertainty 1911
David Clippinger
52.1 Introduction, 1911
52.2 Literature, 1914
52.3 Evaluation of Uncertainty, 1915
52.4 Discussion, 1924
Disclaimer, 1924
References, 1925
53 Measurements 1927
E. L. Hixson and E. A. Ripperger
53.1 Standards and Accuracy, 1927
53.2 Impedance Concepts, 1930
53.3 Error Analysis, 1935
References, 1942
INDEX I-1
- 巻冊次
-
vol.2 ISBN 9781118384640
内容説明
A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications Volume 2
"When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." Lord Kelvin
Measurement falls at the heart of any engineering discipline and job function. Whether engineers are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful, useful data.
The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering measurements beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 2 spans several disciplines Materials Properties and Testing, Instrumentation, and Measurement Standards and covers:
Viscosity Measurement
Corrosion Monitoring
Thermal Conductivity of Engineering Materials
Optical Methods for the Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
Properties of Metals and Alloys
Electrical Properties of Polymers
Testing of Metallic Materials
Testing and Instrumental Analysis for Plastics Processing
Analytical Tools for Estimation of ParticulateComposite Material Properties
Input and Output Characteristics
Measurement Standards and Accuracy
Tribology Measurements
Surface Properties Measurement
Plastics Testing
Mechanical Properties of Polymers
Nondestructive Inspection
Ceramics Testing
Instrument Statics
Signal Processing
Bridge Transducers
Units and Standards
Measurement Uncertainty
Data Acquisition and Display Systems
Vital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for members of major engineering associations and academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.
目次
VOLUME 2
PREFACE xxiii
CONTRIBUTORS xxvii
PART IV MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND TESTING 945
31 Viscosity Measurement 947
Ann M. Anderson, Bradford A. Bruno, and Lilla Safford Smith
31.1 Viscosity Background, 947
31.2 Common Units of Viscosity, 949
31.3 Major Viscosity Measurement Methods, 959
31.4 ASTM Standards for Measuring Viscosity, 974
31.5 Questions to Ask When Selecting a Viscosity Measurement Technique, 976
References, 979
32 Tribology Measurements 981
Prasanta Sahoo
32.1 Introduction, 982
32.2 Measurement of Surface Roughness, 983
32.3 Measurement of Friction, 988
32.4 Measurement of Wear, 992
32.5 Measurement of Test Environment, 994
32.6 Measurement of Material Characteristics, 998
32.7 Measurement of Lubricant Characteristics, 1001
32.8 Wear Particle Analysis, 1004
32.9 Industrial Measurements, 1005
32.10 Summary, 1006
33 Corrosion Monitoring 1007
Pierre R. Roberge
33.1 What is Corrosion Monitoring?, 1007
33.2 The Role of Corrosion Monitoring, 1008
33.3 Corrosion Monitoring System Considerations, 1010
References, 1116
34 Surface Properties Measurement 1121
Mrinalini Mulukutla and Sandip P. Harimkar
34.1 Introduction, 1121
34.2 Surface Properties, 1122
34.3 Microstructural Analysis, 1125
34.4 Compositional Analysis, 1128
34.5 Phase Analysis, 1130
34.6 Mechanical Testing, 1131
34.7 Corrosion Properties, 1141
34.8 Standards for Surface Engineering Measurement, 1145
References, 1147
35 Thermal Conductivity of Engineering Materials 1151
Juergen Blumm
35.1 Introduction, 1151
35.2 Stationary Methods for Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 1157
35.3 Transient Methods for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 1163
35.4 Test Results on Various Engineering Materials, 1173
References, 1188
36 Optical Methods for the Measurement of Thermal Conductivity 1189
Prabhakar R. Bandaru and Max S. Aubain
36.1 Thermal Boundary Resistance May Limit Accuracy in Contact-Based Thermal Conductivity (k) Measurements, 1189
36.2 Optical Measurements of k May Avoid Contact-Related Issues, 1192
36.3 Thermoreflectance (TR), 1196
36.4 Characteristics of Thermoreflectance from Si Thin Films-Modeling and Calibration, 1199
36.5 Experimental Procedures, 1202
36.6 Results and Discussion, 1204
36.7 Summary and Outlook, 1208
Acknowledgments, 1209
References, 1209
37 Selection of Metals for Structural Design 1213
Matthew J. Donachie
37.1 Introduction, 1214
37.2 Common Alloy Systems, 1215
37.3 What are Alloys and What Affects their Use?, 1215
37.4 What are the Properties of Alloys and How are Alloys Strengthened?, 1218
37.5 Manufacture of Alloy Articles, 1221
37.6 Alloy Information, 1221
37.7 Metals at Lower Temperatures, 1231
37.8 Metals at High Temperatures, 1233
37.9 Melting and Casting Practices, 1236
37.10 Forging, Forming, Powder Metallurgy, and Joining of Alloys, 1242
37.11 Surface Protection of Materials, 1245
37.12 Postservice Refurbishment and Repair, 1248
37.13 Alloy Selection: A Look at Possibilities, 1249
37.14 Level of Property Data, 1252
37.15 Thoughts on Alloy Systems, 1252
37.16 Selected Alloy Information Sources, 1259
Further Readings, 1261
38 Mechanical Properties of Polymers 1263
Daniel Liu, Jackie Rehkopf, and Maureen Reitman
38.1 Microstructure and Morphology of Polymers-Amorphous Versus Crystalline, 1264
38.2 General Stress-Strain Behavior, 1265
38.3 Viscoelasticity, 1271
38.4 Mechanical Models of Viscoelasticity, 1272
38.5 Time-Temperature Dependence, 1274
38.6 Deformation Mechanisms, 1274
38.7 Crazing, 1277
38.8 Fracture, 1279
38.9 Modifying Mechanical Properties, 1284
38.10 Load-Bearing Applications: Creep, Fatigue Resistance, and High Strain Rate Behavior, 1285
References, 1290
39 Electrical Properties of Polymers 1291
Evaristo Riande and Ricardo Diaz-Calleja
39.1 Introductory Remarks, 1291
39.2 Polarity and Permittivity, 1292
39.3 Measurements of Dielectric Permittivity, 1293
39.4 Polarization and Dipole Moments in Isotropic Systems, 1297
39.5 Thermostimulated Depolarization Currents, 1316
39.6 Conductivity in Polyelectrolytes and Polymer-Electrolytes as Separators for Low Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrical Batteries, 1318
39.7 Semiconductors and Electronic Conducting Polymers, 1324
39.8 Ferroelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Piezoelectricity in Polymers, 1328
39.9 Nonlinear Polarization in Polymers, 1331
39.10 Elastomers for Actuators and Sensors, 1333
39.11 Electrical Breakdown in Polymers, 1336
References, 1338
40 Nondestructive Inspection 1343
Robert L. Crane and Jeremy S. Knopp
40.1 Introduction, 1344
40.2 Liquid Penetrants, 1347
40.3 Radiography, 1351
40.4 Ultrasonic Methods, 1361
40.5 Magnetic Particle Method, 1370
40.6 Thermal Methods, 1373
40.7 Eddy Current Methods, 1375
References, 1410
41 Testing of Metallic Materials 1413
Peter C. McKeighan
41.1 Mechanical Test Laboratory, 1414
41.2 Tensile and Compressive Property Testing, 1418
41.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation Testing, 1420
41.4 Hardness and Impact Testing, 1422
41.5 Fracture Toughness Testing, 1425
41.6 Fatigue Testing, 1429
41.7 Other Mechanical Testing, 1433
41.8 Environmental Considerations, 1434
Acknowledgments, 1436
References, 1436
42 Ceramics Testing 1437
Shawn K. McGuire and Michael G. Jenkins
42.1 Introduction, 1437
42.2 Mechanical Testing, 1438
42.3 Thermal Testing, 1451
42.4 Nondestructive Evaluation Testing, 1458
42.5 Electrical Testing, 1460
42.6 Summary, 1461
References, 1461
43 Plastics Testing 1463
Vishu Shah
43.1 Introduction, 1464
43.2 Mechanical Properties, 1464
43.3 Thermal Properties, 1481
43.4 Electrical Properties, 1484
43.5 Weathering Properties, 1488
43.6 Optical Properties, 1492
Further Readings, 1496
44 Testing and Instrumental Analysis for Plastics Processing: Key Characterization Techniques 1499
Maria del Pilar Noriega
44.1 FTIR Spectroscopy, 1499
44.2 Chromatography (GC, GC-MSD, GC-FID, and HPLC), 1500
44.3 DSC and Thermogravimetry (TGA), 1510
44.4 Rheometry, 1518
References, 1527
45 Analytical Tools for Estimation of Particulate Composite Material Properties 1529
Tarek I. Zohdi and Magd E. Zohdi
45.1 Introduction, 1529
45.2 Concepts in Statistical Quality Control, 1530
45.3 Effective Property Estimates, 1531
45.4 Summary, 1535
References, 1537
PART V INSTRUMENTATION 1539
46 Instrument Statics 1541
Jerry Lee Hall, Sriram Sundararajan, and Mahmood Naim
46.1 Terminology, 1541
46.2 Static Calibration, 1544
46.3 Statistics in the Measurement Process, 1547
References, 1570
47 Input and Output Characteristics 1573
Adam C. Bell
47.1 Introduction, 1574
47.2 Familiar Examples of Input-Output Interactions, 1575
47.3 Energy, Power, Impedance, 1578
47.4 Operating Point of Static Systems, 1586
47.5 Transforming the Operating Point, 1598
47.6 Measurement Systems, 1602
47.7 Distributed Systems in Brief, 1607
47.8 Concluding Remarks, 1609
References, 1610
48 Bridge Transducers 1611
Patrick L. Walter
48.1 Terminology, 1612
48.2 Flexural Devices in Measurement Systems, 1612
48.3 The Resistance Strain Gage, 1615
48.4 The Wheatstone Bridge, 1625
48.5 Resistance Bridge Balance Methods, 1634
48.6 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Calibration, 1636
48.7 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Considerations, 1646
48.8 AC Impedance Bridge Transducers, 1655
References, 1660
Further Readings, 1661
49 Signal Processing 1663
John Turnbull
49.1 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Linear Systems, 1663
49.2 Basic Analog Filters, 1666
49.3 Basic Digital Filter, 1672
49.4 Stability and Phase Analysis, 1680
49.5 Extracting Signal from Noise, 1682
References, 1683
50 Data Acquisition and Display Systems 1685
Philip C. Milliman
50.1 Introduction, 1686
50.2 Data Acquisition, 1687
50.3 Process Data Acquisition, 1688
50.4 Data Conditioning, 1691
50.5 Data Storage, 1699
50.6 Data Display and Reporting, 1704
50.7 Data Analysis, 1707
50.8 Data Communications, 1708
50.9 Other Data Acquisition and Display Topics, 1712
50.10 Summary, 1715
References, 1715
PART VI MEASUREMENT STANDARDS 1517
51 Mathematical and Physical Units, Standards, and Tables 1719
Jack H. Westbrook
51.1 Symbols and Abbreviations, 1720
Bibliography for Letter Symbols, 1731
Bibliography for Graphic Symbols, 1737
51.2 Mathematical Tables, 1742
51.3 Statistical Tables, 1765
51.4 Units and Standards, 1775
Bibliography for Units and Measurements, 1802
51.5 Tables of Conversion Factors, 1802
51.6 Standard Sizes, 1833
51.7 Standard Screws, 1886
52 Measurement Uncertainty 1911
David Clippinger
52.1 Introduction, 1911
52.2 Literature, 1914
52.3 Evaluation of Uncertainty, 1915
52.4 Discussion, 1924
Disclaimer, 1924
References, 1925
53 Measurements 1927
E. L. Hixson and E. A. Ripperger
53.1 Standards and Accuracy, 1927
53.2 Impedance Concepts, 1930
53.3 Error Analysis, 1935
References, 1942
INDEX I-1
- 巻冊次
-
vol.3 ISBN 9781118647240
内容説明
A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications
"When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." - Lord Kelvin
Measurement is at the heart of any engineering and scientific discipline and job function. Whether engineers and scientists are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful data.
The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering and scientific measurements-beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 3 covers measurements in physics, electrical engineering and chemistry:
Laser Measurement Techniques
Magnetic Force Images using Capacitive Coupling Effect
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Measurement of Light and Color
The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation
Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks
Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement
Cryogenic Measurements
Temperature-Dependent Fluorescence Measurements
Voltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems
Electric Power and Energy Measurement
Chemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences
Liquid Chromatography
Mass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy
Nanomaterials Properties
Chemical Sensing
Vital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.
目次
VOLUME 3
List of Contributors xxi
PREFACE xxv
Part VII Physics and Electrical Engineering 1943
54 Laser Measurement Techniques 1945
Cecil S. Joseph, Gargi Sharma, Thomas M. Goyette, and Robert H. Giles
54.1 Introduction, 1945
54.1.1 History and Development of the MASER, 1945
54.1.2 Basic Laser Physics, 1946
54.1.3 Laser Beam Characteristics, 1951
54.1.4 Example: CO2 Laser Pumped Far-Infrared Gas Laser Systems, 1956
54.1.5 Heterodyned Detection, 1959
54.1.6 Transformation of Multimode Laser Beams from THz Quantum Cascade Lasers, 1962
54.1.7 Suggested Reading, 1965
54.2 Laser Measurements: Laser-Based Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems, 1965
54.2.1 ISAR Theory, 1966
54.2.2 DFT in Radar Imaging, 1967
54.2.3 Signal Processing Considerations: Sampling Theory, 1970
54.2.4 Measurement Calibration, 1971
54.2.5 Example Terahertz Compact Radar Range, 1972
54.2.6 Suggested Reading, 1974
54.3 Laser Imaging Techniques, 1974
54.3.1 Imaging System Measurement Parameters, 1975
54.3.2 Terahertz Polarized Reflection Imaging of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers, 1981
54.3.3 Confocal Imaging, 1985
54.3.4 Optical Coherence Tomography, 1987
54.3.5 Femtosecond Laser Imaging, 1990
54.3.6 Laser Raman Spectroscopy, 1996
54.3.7 Suggested Reading, 1997
References, 1997
55 Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect 2001
Byung I. Kim
55.1 Introduction, 2001
55.2 Experiment, 2004
55.2.1 Principle, 2004
55.2.2 Instrumentation, 2004
55.2.3 Approach, 2005
55.3 Results and Discussion, 2006
55.3.1 Separation of Topographic Features from Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect, 2007
55.3.2 Effects of Long-Range Tip-Sample Interaction on Magnetic Force Imaging: A Comparative Study Between Bimorph-Driven System and Electrostatic Force Modulation, 2012
55.4 Conclusion, 2020
References, 2021
56 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 2025
Kwok-Wai Ng
56.1 Introduction, 2025
56.2 Theory of Operation, 2026
56.3 Measurement of the Tunnel Current, 2030
56.4 The Scanner, 2032
56.5 Operating Mode, 2035
56.6 Coarse Approach Mechanism, 2036
56.7 Summary, 2041
References, 2042
57 Measurement of Light and Color 2043
John D. Bullough
57.1 Introduction, 2043
57.2 Lighting Terminology, 2043
57.2.1 Fundamental Light and Color Terms, 2043
57.2.2 Terms Describing the Amount and Distribution of Light, 2047
57.2.3 Terms Describing Lighting Technologies and Performance, 2048
57.2.4 Common Quantities Used in Lighting Specification, 2052
57.3 Basic Principles of Photometry and Colorimetry, 2056
57.3.1 Photometry, 2056
57.3.2 Colorimetry, 2063
57.4 Instrumentation, 2072
57.4.1 Illuminance Meters, 2072
57.4.2 Luminance Meters, 2072
57.4.3 Spectroradiometers, 2074
References, 2074
58 The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 2075
Clair J. Sullivan
58.1 Introduction, 2075
58.2 Common Interactions of Ionizing Radiation, 2076
58.2.1 Radiation Interactions, 2076
58.3 The Measurement of Charge, 2077
58.3.1 Counting Statistics, 2078
58.3.2 The Two Measurement Modalities, 2080
58.4 Major Types of Detectors, 2081
58.4.1 Gas Detectors, 2081
58.4.2 Ionization Chambers, 2086
58.4.3 Proportional Counters, 2090
58.4.4 GM Detectors, 2092
58.4.5 Scintillators, 2092
58.4.6 Readout of Scintillation Light, 2094
58.4.7 Semiconductors, 2096
58.5 Neutron Detection, 2100
58.5.1 Thermal Neutron Detection, 2102
58.5.2 Fast Neutron Detection, 2104
58.6 Concluding Remarks, 2106
References, 2106
59 Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks 2109
Judah Levine
59.1 Introduction, 2109
59.2 A Generic Clock, 2109
59.3 Characterizing the Stability of Clocks and Oscillators, 2110
59.3.1 Worst-Case Analysis, 2111
59.3.2 Statistical Analysis and the Allan Variance, 2113
59.3.3 Limitations of the Statistics, 2116
59.4 Characteristics of Different Types of Oscillators, 2117
59.5 Comparing Clocks and Oscillators, 2119
59.6 Noise Models, 2121
59.6.1 White Phase Noise, 2121
59.6.2 White Frequency Noise, 2122
59.6.3 Long-Period Effects: Frequency Aging, 2123
59.6.4 Flicker Noise, 2124
59.7 Measuring Tools and Methods, 2126
59.8 Measurement Strategies, 2129
59.9 The Kalman Estimator, 2133
59.10 Transmitting Time and Frequency Information, 2135
59.10.1 Modeling the Delay, 2136
59.10.2 The Common-View Method, 2137
59.10.3 The "Melting-Pot" Version of Common View, 2138
59.10.4 Two-Way Methods, 2139
59.10.5 The Two-Color Method, 2139
59.11 Examples of the Measurement Strategies, 2141
59.11.1 The Navigation Satellites of the GPS, 2141
59.11.2 The One-Way Method of Time Transfer: Modeling the Delay, 2144
59.11.3 The Common-View Method, 2145
59.11.4 Two-Way Time Protocols, 2147
59.12 The Polling Interval: How Often Should I Calibrate a Clock?, 2152
59.13 Error Detection, 2155
59.14 Cost-Benefit Analysis, 2156
59.15 The National Time Scale, 2157
59.16 Traceability, 2158
59.17 Summary, 2159
59.18 Bibliography, 2160
References, 2160
60 Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement 2163
Charles D. Hoyle, Jr.
60.1 Introduction, 2163
60.2 Motivation for Laboratory-Scale Tests of Gravitational Physics, 2164
60.3 Parameterization, 2165
60.4 Current Status of Laboratory-Scale Gravitational Measurements, 2166
60.4.1 Tests of the ISL, 2166
60.4.2 WEP Tests, 2167
60.4.3 Measurements of G, 2167
60.5 Torsion Pendulum Experiments, 2167
60.5.1 General Principles and Sensitivity, 2168
60.5.2 Fundamental Limitations, 2168
60.5.3 ISL Experiments, 2171
60.5.4 Future ISL Tests, 2172
60.5.5 WEP Tests, 2176
60.5.6 Measurements of G, 2176
60.6 Microoscillators and Submicron Tests of Gravity, 2177
60.6.1 Microcantilevers, 2177
60.6.2 Very Short-Range ISL Tests, 2177
60.7 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Techniques, 2178
Acknowledgements, 2178
References, 2178
61 Cryogenic Measurements 2181
Ray Radebaugh
61.1 Introduction, 2181
61.2 Temperature, 2182
61.2.1 ITS-90 Temperature Scale and Primary Standards, 2182
61.2.2 Commercial Thermometers, 2183
61.2.3 Thermometer Use and Comparisons, 2193
61.2.4 Dynamic Temperature Measurements, 2199
61.3 Strain, 2201
61.3.1 Metal Alloy Strain Gages, 2202
61.3.2 Temperature Effects, 2203
61.3.3 Magnetic Field Effects, 2204
61.3.4 Measurement System, 2205
61.3.5 Dynamic Measurements, 2205
61.4 Pressure, 2205
61.4.1 Capacitance Pressure Sensors, 2206
61.4.2 Variable Reluctance Pressure Sensors, 2206
61.4.3 Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors, 2208
61.4.4 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors, 2210
61.5 Flow, 2211
61.5.1 Positive Displacement Flowmeter (Volume Flow), 2212
61.5.2 Angular Momentum Flowmeter (Mass Flow), 2212
61.5.3 Turbine Flowmeter (Volume Flow), 2213
61.5.4 Differential Pressure Flowmeter, 2213
61.5.5 Thermal or Calorimetric (Mass Flow), 2216
61.5.6 Hot-Wire Anemometer (Mass Flow), 2217
61.6 Liquid Level, 2218
61.7 Magnetic Field, 2219
61.8 Conclusions, 2220
References, 2220
62 Temperature-Dependent Fluorescence Measurements 2225
James E. Parks, Michael R. Cates, Stephen W. Allison, David L. Beshears, M. Al Akerman, and Matthew B. Scudiere
62.1 Introduction, 2225
62.2 Advantages of Phosphor Thermometry, 2227
62.3 Theory and Background, 2227
62.4 Laboratory Calibration of Tp Systems, 2235
62.5 History of Phosphor Thermometry, 2238
62.6 Representative Measurement Applications, 2239
62.6.1 Permanent Magnet Rotor Measurement, 2239
62.6.2 Turbine Engine Component Measurement, 2240
62.7 Two-Dimensional and Time-Dependent Temperature Measurement, 2241
62.8 Conclusion, 2243
References, 2243
63 Voltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems 2245
Carlo Muscas and Nicola Locci
63.1 Introduction, 2245
63.2 Characterization of Voltage and Current Transducers, 2247
63.3 Instrument Transformers, 2248
63.3.1 Theoretical Fundamentals and Characteristics, 2248
63.3.2 Instrument Transformers for Protective Purposes, 2252
63.3.3 Instrument Transformers under Nonsinusoidal Conditions, 2253
63.3.4 Capacitive Voltage Transformer, 2254
63.4 Transducers Based on Passive Components, 2255
63.4.1 Shunts, 2255
63.4.2 Voltage Dividers, 2256
63.4.3 Isolation Amplifiers, 2257
63.5 Hall-Effect and Zero-Flux Transducers, 2258
63.5.1 The Hall Effect, 2258
63.5.2 Open-Loop Hall-Effect Transducers, 2259
63.5.3 Closed-Loop Hall-Effect Transducers, 2259
63.5.4 Zero-Flux Transducers, 2262
63.6 Air-Core Current Transducers: Rogowski Coils, 2262
63.7 Optical Current and Voltage Transducers, 2267
63.7.1 Optical Current Transducers, 2268
63.7.2 Optical Voltage Transducer, 2271
63.7.3 Applications of OCTs and OVTs, 2272
References and Further Reading, 2273
64 Electric Power and Energy Measurement 2275
Alessandro Ferrero and Marco Faifer
64.1 Introduction, 2275
64.2 Power and Energy in Electric Circuits, 2276
64.2.1 DC Circuits, 2276
64.2.2 AC Circuits, 2277
64.3 Measurement Methods, 2282
64.3.1 DC Conditions, 2282
64.3.2 AC Conditions, 2285
64.4 Wattmeters, 2288
64.4.1 Architecture, 2288
64.4.2 Signal Processing, 2289
64.5 Transducers, 2290
64.5.1 Current Transformers, 2291
64.5.2 Hall-Effect Sensors, 2296
64.5.3 Rogowski Coils, 2297
64.5.4 Voltage Transformers, 2299
64.5.5 Electronic Transformers, 2302
64.6 Power Quality Measurements, 2303
References, 2305
Part Viii CHEMISTRY 2307
65 An Overview of Chemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences 2309
Brad Swarbrick and Frank Westad
65.1 Introduction: The Past and Present of Chemometrics, 2309
65.2 Representative Data, 2311
65.2.1 A Suggested Workflow for Developing Chemometric Models, 2313
65.2.2 Accuracy and Precision, 2313
65.2.3 Summary of Representative Data Principles, 2316
65.3 Exploratory Data Analysis, 2317
65.3.1 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis, 2317
65.3.2 Cluster Analysis, 2318
65.3.3 Principal Component Analysis, 2323
65.4 Multivariate Regression, 2352
65.4.1 General Principles of Univariate and Multivariate Regression, 2352
65.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression, 2354
65.4.3 Principal Component Regression, 2355
65.4.4 Partial Least Squares Regression, 2356
65.5 Multivariate Classification, 2369
65.5.1 Linear Discriminant Analysis, 2370
65.5.2 Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy, 2372
65.5.3 Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, 2381
65.5.4 Support Vector Machine Classification, 2383
65.6 Techniques for Validating Chemometric Models, 2385
65.6.1 Test Set Validation, 2386
65.6.2 Cross Validation, 2388
65.7 An Introduction to Mspc, 2389
65.7.1 Multivariate Projection, 2389
65.7.2 Hotelling's T2 Control Chart, 2390
65.7.3 Q-Residuals, 2391
65.7.4 Influence Plot, 2391
65.7.5 Continuous versus Batch Monitoring, 2392
65.7.6 Implementing MSPC in Practice, 2394
65.8 Terminology, 2397
65.9 Chapter Summary, 2401
References, 2404
66 Liquid Chromatography 2409
Zhao Li, Sandya Beeram, Cong Bi, Ellis Kaufmann, Ryan Matsuda, Maria Podariu, Elliott Rodriguez, Xiwei Zheng, and David S. Hage
66.1 Introduction, 2409
66.2 Support Materials in Lc, 2412
66.3 Role of the Mobile Phase in Lc, 2413
66.4 Adsorption Chromatography, 2414
66.5 Partition Chromatography, 2415
66.6 Ion-Exchange Chromatography, 2417
66.7 Size-Exclusion Chromatography, 2419
66.8 Affinity Chromatography, 2421
66.9 Detectors for Liquid Chromatography, 2423
66.10 Other Components of Lc Systems, 2426
Acknowledgements, 2427
References, 2427
67 Mass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins 2431
Xianquan Zhan and Dominic M. Desiderio
67.1 Introduction, 2431
67.1.1 Formation, Chemical Properties, and Related Nomenclature of Tyrosine Nitration, 2431
67.1.2 Biological Roles of Tyrosine Nitration in a Protein, 2432
67.1.3 Challenge and Strategies to Identify a Nitroprotein with Mass Spectrometry, 2432
67.1.4 Biological Significance Measurement of Nitroproteins, 2434
67.2 Mass Spectrometric Characteristics of Nitropeptides, 2434
67.2.1 MALDI-MS Spectral Characteristics of a Nitropeptide, 2434
67.2.2 ESI-MS Spectral Characteristics of a Nitropeptide, 2437
67.2.3 Optimum Collision Energy for Ion Fragmentation and Detection Sensitivity for a Nitropeptide, 2438
67.2.4 MS/MS Spectral Characteristics of a Nitropeptide under Different Ion-Fragmentation Models, 2440
67.3 Ms Measurement of in vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins, 2443
67.3.1 Importance of Measurement of In Vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins, 2443
67.3.2 Commonly Used In Vitro Nitroproteins and Their Preparation, 2443
67.3.3 Methods Used to Measure in Vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins, 2444
67.4 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins, 2446
67.4.1 Importance of Isolation and Enrichment of In Vivo Nitroprotein/Nitropeptide Prior to MS Analysis, 2446
67.4.2 Methods Used to Isolate and Enrich In Vivo Nitroproteins/Nitropeptides, 2446
67.5 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins in Different Pathological Conditions, 2449
67.6 Biological Function Measurement of Nitroproteins, 2456
67.6.1 Literature Data-Based Rationalization of Biological Functions, 2457
67.6.2 Protein Domain and Motif Analyses, 2459
67.6.3 Systems Pathway Analysis, 2459
67.6.4 Structural Biology Analysis, 2460
67.7 Pitfalls of Nitroprotein Measurement, 2462
67.8 Conclusions, 2463
Nomenclature, 2464
Acknowledgments, 2465
References, 2465
68 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 2475
Yevgen Povrozin and Beniamino Barbieri
68.1 Observables Measured in Fluorescence, 2476
68.2 The Perrin-Jablon ski Diagram, 2476
68.3 Instrumentation, 2479
68.3.1 Light Source, 2480
68.3.2 Monochromator, 2480
68.3.3 Light Detectors, 2481
68.3.4 Instrumentation for Steady-State Fluorescence: Analog and Photon Counting, 2483
68.3.5 The Measurement of Decay Times: Frequency-Domain and Time-Domain Techniques, 2484
68.4 Fluorophores, 2486
68.5 Measurements, 2487
68.5.1 Excitation Spectrum, 2487
68.5.2 Emission Spectrum, 2488
68.5.3 Decay Times of Fluorescence, 2490
68.5.4 Quantum Yield, 2492
68.5.5 Anisotropy and Polarization, 2492
68.6 Conclusions, 2498
References, 2498
Further Reading, 2498
69 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 2499
Grant Bunker
69.1 Introduction, 2499
69.2 Basic Physics of X-Rays, 2499
69.2.1 Units, 2500
69.2.2 X-Ray Photons and Their Properties, 2500
69.2.3 X-Ray Scattering and Diffraction, 2501
69.2.4 X-Ray Absorption, 2502
69.2.5 Cross Sections and Absorption Edges, 2503
69.3 Experimental Requirements, 2505
69.4 Measurement Modes, 2507
69.5 Sources, 2507
69.5.1 Laboratory Sources, 2507
69.5.2 Synchrotron Radiation Sources, 2508
69.5.3 Bend Magnet Radiation, 2509
69.5.4 Insertion Devices: Wigglers and Undulators, 2509
69.6 Beamlines, 2512
69.6.1 Instrument Control and Scanning Modes, 2512
69.6.2 Double-Crystal Monochromators, 2513
69.6.3 Focusing Conditions, 2514
69.6.4 X-Ray Lenses and Mirrors, 2515
69.6.5 Harmonics, 2516
69.7 Detectors, 2518
69.7.1 Ionization Chambers and PIN Diodes, 2519
69.7.2 Solid-State Detectors, SDDs, and APDs, 2520
69.8 Sample Preparation and Detection Modes, 2521
69.8.1 Transmission Mode, 2521
69.8.2 Fluorescence Mode, 2521
69.8.3 HALO, 2522
69.8.4 Sample Geometry and Background Rejection, 2523
69.8.5 Oriented Samples, 2525
69.9 Absolute Measurements, 2526
References, 2526
70 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 2529
Kenneth R. Metz
70.1 Introduction, 2529
70.2 Historical Review, 2530
70.3 Basic Principles of Spin Magnetization, 2531
70.4 Exciting the NMR Signal, 2534
70.5 Detecting the NMR Signal, 2538
70.6 Computing the NMR Spectrum, 2540
70.7 NMR Instrumentation, 2542
70.8 The Basic Pulsed FTNMR Experiment, 2550
70.9 Characteristics of NMR Spectra, 2551
70.9.1 The Chemical Shift, 2552
70.9.2 Spin-Spin Coupling, 2557
70.10 NMR Relaxation Effects, 2563
70.10.1 Spin-Lattice Relaxation, 2563
70.10.2 Spin-Spin Relaxation, 2565
70.10.3 Quantitative Analysis by NMR, 2568
70.11 Dynamic Phenomena in NMR, 2568
70.12 Multidimensional NMR, 2573
70.13 Conclusion, 2580
References, 2580
71 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Role in Scientific and Engineering Applications 2583
Brad Swarbrick
71.1 Introduction to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Historical Perspectives, 2583
71.1.1 A Brief Overview of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Usage, 2583
71.1.2 A Short History of NIR, 2585
71.2 The Theory behind Nir Spectroscopy, 2588
71.2.1 IR Radiation, 2588
71.2.2 The Mechanism of Interaction of NIR Radiation with Matter, 2588
71.2.3 Absorbance Spectra, 2591
71.3 Instrumentation for Nir Spectroscopy, 2595
71.3.1 General Configuration of Instrumentation, 2595
71.3.2 Filter-Based Instruments, 2597
71.3.3 Holographic Grating-Based Instruments, 2598
71.3.4 Stationary Spectrographic Instruments, 2600
71.3.5 Fourier Transform Instruments, 2601
71.3.6 Acoustooptical Tunable Filter Instruments, 2603
71.3.7 Microelectromechanical Spectrometers, 2604
71.3.8 Linear Variable Filter Instruments, 2605
71.3.9 A Brief Overview of Detectors Used for NIR Spectroscopy, 2606
71.3.10 Summary, 2608
71.4 Modes of Spectral Collection and Sample Preparation in Nir Spectroscopy, 2609
71.4.1 Transmission Mode, 2609
71.4.2 Diffuse Reflectance, 2611
71.4.3 Sample Preparation, 2613
71.4.4 Fiber Optic Probes, 2617
71.4.5 Summary of Sampling Methods, 2619
71.5 Preprocessing of Nir Spectra for Chemometric Analysis, 2620
71.5.1 Preprocessing of NIR Spectra, 2621
71.5.2 Minimizing Additive Effects, 2621
71.5.3 Minimizing Multiplicative Effects, 2627
71.5.4 Preprocessing Summary, 2633
71.6 A Brief Overview of Applications of Nir Spectroscopy, 2633
71.6.1 Agricultural Applications, 2634
71.6.2 Pharmaceutical/Biopharmaceutical Applications, 2636
71.6.3 Applications in the Petrochemical and Refining Sectors, 2644
71.6.4 Applications in the Food and Beverage Industries, 2646
71.7 Summary and Future Perspectives, 2647
71.8 Terminology, 2648
References, 2652
72 Nanomaterials Properties 2657
Paul J. Simmonds
72.1 Introduction, 2657
72.2 The Rise of Nanomaterials, 2660
72.3 Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from High Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio, 2661
72.3.1 The Importance of Surfaces in Nanomaterials, 2661
72.3.2 Electrostatic and Van der Waals Forces, 2662
72.3.3 Color, 2663
72.3.4 Melting Point, 2663
72.3.5 Magnetism, 2664
72.3.6 Hydrophobicity and Surface Energetics, 2664
72.3.7 Nanofluidics, 2666
72.3.8 Nanoporosity, 2668
72.3.9 Nanomembranes, 2669
72.3.10 Nanocatalysis, 2670
72.3.11 Further Increasing the SAV Ratio, 2671
72.3.12 Nanopillars, 2672
72.3.13 Nanomaterial Functionalization, 2673
72.3.14 Other Applications for High SAV Ratio Nanomaterials, 2674
72.4 Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from Quantum Confinement, 2674
72.4.1 Quantum Well Nanostructures, 2677
72.4.2 Quantum Wire Nanostructures, 2682
72.4.3 Quantum Dot Nanostructures, 2691
72.5 Conclusions, 2695
References, 2695
73 Chemical Sensing 2707
W. Rudolf Seitz
73.1 Introduction, 2707
73.2 Electrical Methods, 2709
73.2.1 Potentiometry, 2709
73.2.2 Voltammetry, 2713
73.2.3 Chemiresistors, 2715
73.2.4 Field Effect Transistors, 2716
73.3 Optical Methods, 2717
73.3.1 In situ Optical Measurements, 2717
73.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy, 2719
73.3.3 Indicator-Based Optical Sensors, 2721
73.4 Mass Sensors, 2722
73.5 Sensor Arrays (Electronic Nose), 2724
References, 2724
Index 2727
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