Theology and society in the second and third centuries of the Hijra : a history of religious thought in Early Islam

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Theology and society in the second and third centuries of the Hijra : a history of religious thought in Early Islam

by Josef van Ess ; translated from German by John O'Kane

（Handbuch der Orientalistik = Handbook of Oriental studies, section 1 . The Near and Middle East ; v. 116/1-5）

Brill, c2017-

  • v. 1
  • v. 2
  • v. 3
  • v. 4
  • v. 5

Other Title

Theologie und Gesellschaft im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert Hidschra : eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam

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Note

Vol. 2-4: Translated from Germany by Gwendolin Goldbloom

Vol 5: Bibliography and indices / indices compiled by Renee Otto

Description and Table of Contents

Volume

v. 1 ISBN 9789004323179

Description

Theology and Society is the most comprehensive study of Islamic intellectual and religious history, focusing on Muslim theology. With its emphasis on the eighth and ninth centuries CE, it remains the most detailed prosopographical study of the early phase of the formation of Islam. Originally published in German between 1991 and 1995, Theology and Society is a monument of scholarship and a unique scholarly enterprise which has stood the test of time as an unparalleled reference work.

Table of Contents

Foreword: The History of the van Ess Translation Project - Harvey Shoolman Translator's Acknowledgements Preface List of the Most Frequent Abbreviations A Prelude: Characteristics of Islamic Religiosity in the 1st Century 1. Setting the Seal on Prophecy 2. The Awareness of Being Chosen and Identity Formation 2.1 Symbols of Islamic Identity in the Caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik 2.2 Early Evidence in the Literary Tradition 3. Community and Individual 3.1 Faith and the Promise of Paradise 3.2 Consciousness of Sin and Individual Responsibility 3.3 Divine Grace and Predestination 4. Specific Religious Developments Around the Turn of the 2nd Century 4.1 The Image of the Prophet 4.2 The Koran 5. The Spread of the Faith 5.1 The Literary Instruments for Conveying the Faith 5.1.1 The Creation of Dialectical Theology 5.1.2 The Prospect B The Islamic Provinces in the 2nd Century 0. Introductory Remark on Methodology 1. Syria 1.0 General Basic Features 1.1 The Relationship with the Shi'a 1.2 The Qadariyya 1.2.1 The Question of Origin 1.2.2 Ghaylan al-Dimashqi and His Environment 1.2.3 Ghaylan's Aftereffect 1.2.4 Yazid III's Putsch 1.2.4.1 Yazid III's Accession Sermon 1.2.4.2 Further Developments up to the Time of Marwan II 1.2.5 The Qadarites under Yazid III 1.2.5.1 Damascus 1.2.5.2 Qadarites from Palestine 1.2.5.3 Qadarites from Hims 1.2.6 Later Qadarites 1.2.7 General Conclusions 1.2.8 The Further Iraqi Development of Ghaylan's Doctrine 1.2.8.1 The Epistles of Ghaylan and the Ghaylan Legend 1.2.9 'Umar II and the Qadariyya 1.3 A Case of Heresy 1.4 Syrian Murji'ites 1.4.1 "Jahmites" 1.5 From Asceticism to Mysticism 2. Iraq 2.0 Preliminary General Remarks 2.1 Kufa 2.1.1 The Murji'a 2.1.1.1 The Oldest Representatives of the Murji'a in Kufa 2.1.1.2 The Delegation to 'Umar II 2.1.1.3 Two Murji'ite Poems 2.1.1.4 The Polemic Against the Murji'a in the Sirat Salim b. Dhakwan 2.1.1.5 The K. al-Irja' 2.1.1.6 The Spectrum of the Murji'a up to 150 Hijri 2.1.1.7 The Circle of Abu Hanifa 2.1.1.7.1 The Precursors 2.1.1.7.2 On the Life and Aftereffects of Abu Hanifa 2.1.1.7.3 Abu Hanifa's Theological Views 2.1.1.7.3.1 The Letter to 'Uthman al-Batti 2.1.1.7.3.1.1 Comparison with Other Early Hanafite Writings 2.1.1.7.3.2 A Second Letter to 'Uthman al-Batti 2.1.1.7.3.3 The So-Called Fiqh akbar (I) 2.1.1.7.3.4 The Image of God. The Political Theory 2.1.1.7.4 Contemporaries of Abu Hanifa 2.1.1.8 The Kufan Murji'a after Abu Hanifa 2.1.1.9 The Reform of Ghassan b. Aban 2.1.2 Anti-Murji'ite Currents in Kufa 2.1.2.1 Sufyan al-Thawri 2.1.2.2 Sufis 2.1.2.3 Qadarites 2.1.3 The Shi'a 2.1.3.1 "Shi'itizing" Traditionists 2.1.3.2 The Zaydiyya 2.1.3.2.1 The Butriyya 2.1.3.2.1.1 The "Weak" Zaydis 2.1.3.2.2 The Jarudiyya 2.1.3.2.2.1 The Shaping of Jarudite Thought 2.1.3.2.2.2 Later Development 2.1.3.2.3 Early Zaydi Splinter Groups 2.1.3.2.3.1 The Kamiliyya 2.1.3.3 The Rawafid 2.1.3.3.1 Quietism and and Communal Spirit 2.1.3.3.2 The Imam as Omniscient Leader 2.1.3.3.3 The Return (raj'a) 2.1.3.3.3.1 The Idea of raj'a Among the Early Zaydis 2.1.3.3.3.2 The Adherents of raj'a Among the Shi'ite Authorities of the 1st Century 2.1.3.3.3.3 Early Shi'ite Tafsir as a Possible Purveyor of the Idea of raj'a 2.1.3.3.3.4 The Decline of the Kaysaniyya 2.1.3.3.3.5 The Change of the Idea of raj'a in the Imamiyya 2.1.3.3.4 Rejection of the First Two Caliphs 2.1.3.3.5 Maintaining Secrecy (taqiyya) 2.1.3.3.6 God Changing His Mind (bada') 2.1.3.3.7 Rafidite Theological Schools 2.1.3.3.7.1 The Beginnings 2.1.3.3.7.1.1 Pro-Murji'ite Groups 2.1.3.3.7.1.2 Zurara b. A'yan and His Circle 2.1.3.3.7.1.3 The Discussion About God's Image 2.1.3.3.7.2 The Next Generation 2.1.3.3.7.2.1 Shaytan al-Taq and Hisham al-Jawaliqi 2.1.3.3.7.2.2 Hisham b. al-Hakam 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.1 "Ontology" 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.2 The Concept of God 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.3 Natural-Scientific Questions 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.4 The Theory of Perception 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.5 Human Action 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.6 The Divine Atrributes 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.7 The Koran and Prophecy 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.8 'Isma and nass 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.8.1 Excursus: Means of Legitimation within the Shi'a 2.1.3.3.7.2.2.9 Raj'a 2.1.3.3.7.2.3 'Ali Ri'ab 2.1.3.3.7.3 The Succession to the Big Theologians 2.1.3.3.7.3.1 The School of Hisham al-Jawaliqi 2.1.3.3.7.3.2 The School of Hisham b. al-Hakam 2.1.3.3.7.3.3 The Prospect 2.1.3.3.8 General Conclusions 2.1.3.3.8.1 Rafidite Theology and Its Milieu. Stoic and Jewish Influences 2.1.4 The Kharijites 2.1.4.1 The Ibadite Community in Kufa 2.1.4.2 'Isa b. 'Umayr 2.1.5 "The Heretics" 2.1.5.1 The Term zindiq 2.1.5.2 Manicheanism in the Early Islamic Period 2.1.5.3 Zandaqa as a Social and Religious Phenomenon 2.1.5.4 The Daysaniyya 2.1.5.5 The Marcionites 2.1.5.6 The Kantaeans 2.1.5.7 Excursus: Mazdakites in the Islamic World 2.1.5.8 The zandaqa in Kufa (....) 2.1.5.8.1 Cosmology and Natural Philosophy 2.1.5.8.2 Polite Society 2.1.5.8.3 Arguing with the zanadiqa According to Imamite Sources 2.1.5.8.4 The Role of the zanadiqa in the Later Umayyad Period Supplementary remarks Genealogical table
Volume

v. 2 ISBN 9789004342026

Description

Theology and Society is the most comprehensive study of Islamic intellectual and religious history, focusing on Muslim theology. With its emphasis on the eighth and ninth centuries CE, it remains the most detailed prosopographical study of the early phase of the formation of Islam. Originally published in German between 1991 and 1995, Theology and Society is a monument of scholarship and a unique scholarly enterprise which has stood the test of time as an unparalleled reference work.

Table of Contents

2.2 Basra 2.2.1 The 'heretics' 2.2.1.1 Bashshar b. Burd 2.2.1.2 Salih b. 'Abd al-Quddus 2.2.1.3 The Sumaniyya 2.2.1.4 Ibn al-Muqaffa' 2.2.1.4.1 A text against Islam 2.2.1.4.2 The parody of the Quran 2.2.1.5 The environment. 'Natural philosophers' 2.2.2 Hasan al-Basri and his spiritual successors 2.2.2.1 The Qadariyya 2.2.2.1.1 Qadarite ideas in hadith 2.2.2.1.2 Qadarite traditionists 2.2.2.1.2.1 The generation following Hasan al-Basri 2.2.2.1.2.2 The middle generation 2.2.2.1.2.3 Pupils of Sa'id b. Abi 'Aruba 2.2.2.1.2.4 Other Qadarites in the second half of the second century 2.2.2.1.3 The Uswaris 2.2.2.1.4 Qadarites among the Basran grammarians 2.2.2.2 Qadariyya and asceticism 2.2.2.2.1 Hasan al-Basri's younger contemporaries 2.2.2.2.2 The following generation 2.2.2.2.2.1 The importance of 'Abbadan 2.2.2.2.3 Theological and juristic special opinions within the circle of Basran ascetics 2.2.2.2.3.1 The Bakriyya 2.2.2.2.4 Asceticism and rationality 2.2.3 The jurists 2.2.3.1 The case of Iyas b. Mu'awiya 2.2.3.2 Early theoretical texts 2.2.3.3 Experts and jurisconsults 2.2.3.4 Kullu mujtahid musib 2.2.4 Murji'ites in Basra. The 'Ghaylaniyya' 2.2.4.1 Fadl al-Raqashi 2.2.4.2 Abu Shamir and his school 2.2.4.3 'Jahmites' 2.2.5 The Ibadiyya 2.2.5.1 The case of 'Abdallah b. Ibad 2.2.5.2 The development of the Basran community 2.2.5.3 The question of qadar 2.2.5.4 The quarrel over the anthropomorphisms 2.2.5.5 Further controversial issues 2.2.5.6 The environment 2.2.5.7 The relation between sin and faith 2.2.5.8 Puritanism and scrupulousness 2.2.6 The early Mu'tazila 2.2.6.1 Wasil b. 'Ata' 2.2.6.1.1 The chronology of his life. His origins and profession 2.2.6.1.2 Wasil the khatib. His appearance before 'Abdallah b. 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz 2.2.6.1.3 Wasil's speech defect 2.2.6.1.4 Wasil's relations with the 'Alids in Medina 2.2.6.1.5 The image of Wasil's personality 2.2.6.1.6 Wasil's relationship with 'Amr b. 'Ubayd and Hasan al-Basri 2.2.6.1.7 The doctrine of the intermediate state 2.2.6.1.7.1 Sin and penitence 2.2.6.1.7.2 Wasil's relationship with Kharijites and Murji'ites 2.2.6.1.8 Wasil's political views 2.2.6.1.9 Further points of doctrine 2.2.6.1.9.1 Epistemological issues 2.2.6.2 'Amr b. 'Ubayd 2.2.6.2.1 Biographical data 2.2.6.2.2 Political decisions 2.2.6.2.2.1 The relationship with Mansur 2.2.6.2.3 The image of 'Amr's personality 2.2.6.2.4 His relationship with Hasan al-Basri 2.2.6.2.4.1 'Amr as an exegete 2.2.6.2.5 'Amr as a legal scholar 2.2.6.2.6 'Amr as a traditionist 2.2.6.2.7 Theology and politics 2.2.6.3 The pupil generation 2.2.6.3.1 The circle around Wasil 2.2.6.3.1.1 The du'at 2.2.6.3.1.2 Wasil's other pupils 2.2.6.3.2 The circle around 'Amr b. 'Ubayd 2.2.6.3.2.1 Jurists and traditionists 2.2.6.3.2.2 The 'Mu'tazilites' of the uprising of AH 145 2.2.6.4 The origin of the name Mu'tazila 2.2.7 The traditionist reaction 2.2.7.1 Opposition against 'Amr b. 'Ubayd 2.2.7.1.1 Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani 2.2.7.1.2 Yunus b. 'Ubayd 2.2.7.1.3 'Abdallah b. 'Awn 2.2.7.1.4 Sulayman al-Taymi 2.2.7.1.5 Abu 'Amr Ibn al-'Ala' 2.2.7.2 The next generation 2.2.8 The Mu'tazila in Basra during the second half of the second century 2.2.8.1 Safwan al-Ansari 2.2.8.1.1 The image of the early Mu'tazila in Safwan's qasida 2.2.8.2 The principle of amr bil-ma'ruf wal-nahy 'an al-munkar 2.2.8.2.1 The case of Muhammad b. Munadhir 2.2.8.3 The position of the Mu'tazila in Basra after 145 2.2.8.4 The development of theology and law 2.2.8.4.1 Al-Asamm 2.2.8.4.1.1 Asamm's 'ontology' 2.2.8.4.1.2 Asamm's Quranic commentary 2.2.8.4.1.3 The consensus of Muslims 2.2.8.4.1.3.1 Consensus and political theory 2.2.8.4.1.4 Asamm the lawyer 2.2.8.4.2 Ibn 'Ulayya 2.2.8.4.3 Further Basran Mu'tazilites 2.2.9 Basran Shi'ites 2.3 Wasit 2.4 The Jazira 2.4.1 Harran 2.4.1.1 The Sabians 2.4.1.2 Harran and Islamic theology 2.4.2 Diyar Rabi'a 2.4.2.1 The Kharijites 2.4.2.2 Mosul 2.4.2.3 Nisibis 2.4.3 Raqqa 2.4.3.1 Sulayman al-Raqqi 2.4.3.2 Extreme Shi'ites 3. Iran 3.0 General preliminary remarks 3.1 Eastern Iran 3.1.1 Jahm b. Safwan 3.1.1.1 The connection between Jahm and the Jahmiyya 3.1.2 The cities 3.1.2.1 Balkh 3.1.2.1.1 Quranic exegesis 3.1.2.1.1.1 Muqatil b. Hayyan 3.1.2.1.1.2 Muqatil b. Sulayman 3.1.2.1.1.2.1 Muqatil's theological views 3.1.2.1.2 'Umar b. Subh and the raf' al-yadayn 3.1.2.1.3 Murji'ites and Hanafites 3.1.2.1.4 The beginnings of eastern Iranian mysticism 3.1.2.2 Marv 3.1.2.3 Tirmidh 3.1.2.4 Samarqand 3.1.2.5 Herat 3.1.3 Sistan 3.1.3.1 The Kharijites 3.1.3.1.1 Hamza b. Adharak's uprising 3.1.3.2 Non-Kharijite groups 3.1.4 The western part of the province of Khorasan 3.1.4.1 Khorasanian Kharijites 3.1.4.1.1 The Bayhasiyya 3.1.4.1.1.1 Yaman b. Ri'ab 3.1.4.1.2 The Ibadiyya 3.1.4.2 Nishapur 3.2 Central and southern Iran 3.2.1 The Kharijites 3.2.1.1 Yazid b. Unaysa and the uprising of Abu 'Isa al-Isfahani 3.2.1.2 Later Kharijites 3.2.2 'Abdallah b. Mu'awiya 3.2.3 The cities 3.2.3.1 Isfahan 3.2.3.2 Qom 3.2.3.3 Hamadan 3.2.3.4 Rayy 4. The Arabian Peninsula 4.1 The Hijaz 4.1.1 Mecca 4.1.1.1 The Qadarites 4.1.1.2 The Kharijites 4.1.1.2.1 The Ibadites 4.1.1.3 The Murji'ites 4.1.1.4 The Shi'ites 4.1.2 Medina 4.1.2.1 The Kharijites 4.1.2.2 The Murji'a 4.1.2.3 The Qadarites 4.1.2.3.1 Al-Nafs al-zakiyya's uprising 4.1.2.3.2 Later developments. Resistance against the Qadariyya 4.1.2.4 The Jahmiyya 4.2 Southern Arabia 4.2.1 Yemen 4.2.1.1 The Qadarites 4.1.2.1 Other trends 4.2.2 Oman and Hadramawt 5. Egypt 5.0 General preliminary remarks 5.1 Shi'ite tendencies 5.2 Counter-trends. The Ibadiyya 5.3 Implicit theology. Hadith 5.4 Explicit theology. Kalam 5.4.1 Theologians of uncertain affiliation
Volume

v. 3 ISBN 9789004342033

Description

Theology and Society is the most comprehensive study of Islamic intellectual and religious history, focusing on Muslim theology. With its emphasis on the eighth and ninth centuries CE, it remains the most detailed prosopographical study of the early phase of the formation of Islam. Originally published in German between 1991 and 1995, Theology and Society is a monument of scholarship and a unique scholarly enterprise which has stood the test of time as an unparalleled reference work.

Table of Contents

The Unification of Islamic Thought and the Flowering of Theology 1 Baghdad 1.1 Local Tradition. Mada'in 1.2 Religious Policy Under al-Mansur and al-Mahdi 1.3 The Rise of the Mu'tazila 1.4 The Time Following the Fall of the Barmakids 2 Divided Empire and Civil War 2.1 The Uprising of Abu l-Saraya 2.2 Ma 'mun and 'Ali al-Rida 2.3 Theologians with Ties to al-Ma 'mun. Thumama b. Ashras 2.4 The Anti-Caliphate of Ibrahim b. al-Mahdi 2.5 Ma 'mun's Return to Baghdad 3 Al-Ma 'mun in Baghdad. The Flowering of Mu'tazilite Theology 3.1 Ma 'mun's Intellectual Profile. Intellectual Life at Court in Baghdad 3.2 The Great Mu'tazilite Systematists 3.3 The mihna Supplementary Remarks
Volume

v. 4 ISBN 9789004344006

Description

Theology and Society is the most comprehensive study of Islamic intellectual and religious history, focusing on Muslim theology. With its emphasis on the eighth and ninth centuries CE, it remains the most detailed prosopographical study of the early phase of the formation of Islam. Originally published in German between 1991 and 1995, Theology and Society is a monument of scholarship and a unique scholarly enterprise which has stood the test of time as an unparalleled reference work.

Table of Contents

Contents Preface xii part c : The Unification of Islamic Thought and the Flowering of Theology (continued) 4 Mu'tazilites during and after the mihna 3 4.1 Basra until the Middle of the Third Century 3 4.2 Baghdad Mu'tazilites 63 5 Theologians on the Periphery of the Mu'tazila 139 5.1 'Murji'ites' 140 5.2 Najjar and His Circle 167 5.3 Ibadite Theologians 195 6 The Argument over the Quran 203 6.1 Ibn Kullab 204 6.2 Muhasibi 221 6.3 Karabisi and the Problem of the lafz al-Qur'an 238 7 The Expansion of the Mu'tazila during the Third Century 258 7.1 Iraq and the Jazira 259 7.2 The Arabian Peninsula 261 7.3 Syria 264 7.4 Armenia 268 7.5 Iran 271 7.6 India 290 7.7 The Maghrib 291 7.8 Summary 311 8 The Crisis 312 8.1 Baghdad Mysticism Goes its Own Way. Junayd and His Contemporaries 313 8.2 The Self-Destruction of the Dialectical Method 325 Part D: Summary of the History of the Subject Matter Introduction. The Topics of Theology 395 1 The Image of God 407 1.1 God as the One 407 1.2 Anthropomorphism 416 1.3 Names and Attributes 476 2 The Image of the Human 535 2.1 Acting 538 2.2 Body and Spirit 572 3 Eschatology 605 3.1 The Earthly and the Heavenly Paradise 613 3.2 The Extent of the Reality of the Otherworld 619 4 Faith 627 4.1 Sin and Penitence 645 4.2 The Prophet 658 4.3 Epistemology 716 5 Theology and Society 673 5.1 Political Theory 771 5.2 The Organisation of Teaching and Studying 798 5.3 Environment and Intellectual Structure 814
Volume

v. 5 ISBN 9789004399624

Description

Theology and Society is the most comprehensive study of Islamic intellectual and religious history, focusing on Muslim theology. With its emphasis on the eighth and ninth centuries CE, it remains the most detailed prosopographical study of the early phase of the formation of Islam. Originally published in German between 1991 and 1995, Theology and Society is a monument of scholarship and a unique scholarly enterprise which has stood the test of the time as an unparalleled reference work. The volume consists of a separate Bibliography, a General Index, an Index of Names, an Index of Works and an Index of Other Sources.

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