Neurobiology : a functional approach

著者

• Striedter, Georg F.

書誌事項

Neurobiology : a functional approach

Georg F. Striedter

Oxford University Press, c2016

注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Focusing on the problems that brains help organisms solve, Neurobiology: A Functional Approach asks not only how the nervous system works but also why it works as it does. This text introduces readers to neurobiology through an evolutionary, organismal, and experimental perspective. With a strong emphasis on neural circuits and systems, it bridges the gap between the cellular and molecular end and the cognitive end of the neuroscience spectrum, allowing students to grasp the full breadth of the subject. Neurobiology covers not only what neuroscientists have learned about the brain in terms of facts and ideas, but also how they have learned it through key experiments.

目次

The end of every chapter contains a Summary, Key Terms, and Additional Readings. Preface About the Author Chapter 1 - Nervous System Organization 1.1 How Do Neuroscientists Study the Brain? The Value of Why Questions 1.2 What Are the Basic Components of the Nervous System? Neuroanatomical Nomenclature Major Divisions of the Nervous System Neurons and Glial Cells 1.3 What Kinds of Circuits Do Neurons Form? Principles of Neural Circuit Organization 1.4 What Is the Brain's Functional Architecture? Early Ideas on Brain Organization Modern Views of Brain Organization 1.5 How Can Scientists "Reverse Engineer" the Brain? Functional Decomposition Strategies Neuropsychology Neuroethology 1.6 How Do Brains Evolve? Descent with Conservation and Modification Which Species to Study? Chapter 2 - Computing with Neurons 2.1 What Are Neurons? History of the Neuron Doctrine Basic Features of a Stereotypical Neuron 2.2 What Mechanisms Generate Resting and Action Potentials? Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential Ionic Basis of the Action Potential 2.3 How Do Action Potentials Travel along Axons? A Traveling Wave of Membrane Depolarization The Effects of Myelination 2.4 How Do Neurons Transmit and Integrate Information? Synaptic Transmission Synaptic Integration 2.5 How Do Neurons Differ from One Another? Anatomical Variety Neurotransmitter Variety Receptor Variety Ion channel Variety 2.6 Neuronal Information Processing How Neurons Encode Information Brains Versus Computers Chapter 3 - Neuronal Plasticity 3.1 How Are Synapses Strengthened in the Marine Snail Aplysia? Sensitization in Aplysia Making sensitization Last for Days 3.2 How Are Synapses Strengthened in Mammals? Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation Hebbian Long-Term Potentiation Mechanisms of LTP Induction Mechanisms of LTP Stabilization 3.3 When Are Synapses Weakened? Cerebellar Long-Term Depression Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity 3.4 Can Inactive Neurons Strengthen Their Inputs? 3.5 Can Experiences Rewire the Brain? Turnover of Dendritic Spines Sprouting of Axonal Connections Sensory Cortex Plasticity Motor Cortex Plasticity 3.6 How Does Experience Affect Brain and Cortex Size? 3.7 Does Neural Plasticity Cause Learning and Memory? Chapter 4 - Developing a Nervous System 4.1 Where in the Embryo Does the Nervous System Originate? Induction of the Nervous System Forming the Neural Tube 4.2 How Does the Neural Tube Get Subdivided? Rostrocaudal Patterning Dorsoventral Patterning Midbrain and Forebrain Patterning 4.3 Where Do Neurons Come From? Neurogenesis Radial Neuronal Migration Neurogenesis Timing and Cell Fate 4.4 How Do Axons Find Their Targets? Axonal Growth Cones Growth Cone Guidance The Retinotectal System 4.5 How Do Synapses Form? Filopodial Interactions Synapse Formation 4.6 How Can a Neural Circuit Be Fine-Tuned? Developmental Neuron Death Pruning and Sprouting Neuronal Connections 4.7 What Are the Major Themes of Neural Development? Chapter 5 - Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System 5.1 Are New Neurons Added to Adult Brains? Neuronal Birth-dating Experiments 5.2 How Is the Brain Protected from Physical Trauma? Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Kills Neurons 5.3 How Does the Brain Protect Itself Against Toxins and Pathogens? The Blood-brain Barrier The Blood-CSF and Arachnoid Barriers 5.4 How Does the Nervous System Respond to an Attack? The Brain's Immune Response Minimizing Neuron Death Functional Recovery Through Brain Rewiring 5.5 How Do Neurons Get Their Energy? Sources of Metabolic Energy Cerebral Blood Flow Linking Blood Flow to Neuronal Activity 5.6 What Links Body and Brain? Chapter 6 - Sensors I: Remote Sensing 6.1 How Do We Sense Darkness and Light? Special Regions of the Retina Rod Photoreceptors Cone Photoreceptors Pathways Through the Retina The Puzzle of the Inverted Vertebrate Retina 6.2 How Do We Sense Odors? Olfactory Epithelium Olfactory Receptor Molecules The Olfactory Bulb 6.3 How Do We Hear Sounds? Outer and Middle Ears The Cochlea Encoding Sound Parameters 6.4 Are There Some Principles of Sensor Organization? Variability in Sensor Range Variability in Sensor Sensitivity Labeled Lines Sensory Maps Chapter 7 - Sensors II: Sensing on Contact 7.1 How Do We Sense Touch and Vibration? Encapsulated Nerve Endings Central Projections of Mechanosensory Axons 7.2 How Do We Sense Pain? Axons That Transmit Pain Pain Modulation 7.3 How Do We Sense Temperature? Temperature-sensitive TRP Channels Food-activated TRP Channels 7.4 How Do We Taste Foods and Other Chemicals? Taste Cells Taste Receptor Molecules Central Taste Pathways Variations in Tasting Ability 7.5 How Can We Sense Our Body's Physiological Condition? Sensing Tissue Acidity Sensing Blood Chemistry 7.6 How Do We Sense Body Position and Movement? Proprioception Vestibular Sensors 7.7 What Are Some Common Themes of Contact Sensor Organization? Variability in Sensor Range and Sensitivity Labeled Lines and Sensory Maps Chapter 8 - Using Muscles and Glands 8.1 How Do Neurons Control Skeletal Muscle? The Contractile Machinery Excitation-contraction Coupling Controlling Muscle Force Muscle Spindles 8.2 What Makes the Heart Beat? Generation of the Cardiac Rhythm Modulation of the Cardiac Rhythm 8.3 What Is Special About Smooth Muscle? Smooth Muscle Anatomy Smooth Muscle Physiology Smooth Muscle Innervation 8.4 How Do Muscles Lengthen After Contractions? Muscles Must Be Antagonized 8.5 How Do Neurons Control Hormones, and Vice Versa? Endocrine Glands The Posterior Pituitary The Anterior Pituitary Hippocampal Regulation of Stress Hormones Chapter 9 - Regulating Bodily Functions 9.1 How Do We Maintain Physiological Stability? 9.2 What Parts of the Nervous System Control the Vital Bodily Functions? The Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System? The Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System Sensory Components of the Autonomic Nervous System The Enteric Nervous System 9.3 How Do Neural Circuits Regulate the Vital Bodily Functions? Adjusting Heart Rate Regulating Blood Pressure Controlling Breathing Regulating Body Temperature 9.4 How Do Neurons Control Fluid and Energy Balance? Balancing the Bodily Fluids Regulating Digestion Regulating Appetite 9.5 How Do We Coordinate Our Vegetative Processes? Circadian Regulation Dealing with Acute Stress Effects of Chronic Stress Chapter 10 - Controlling Posture and Locomotion 10.1 What is a Reflex? Pupillary Reflexes 10.2 How Do Reflexes Protect Us From Harm? The Eye Blink Reflex Withdrawal Reflexes 10.3 How Do We Stabilize Our Body's Position? Muscle Stretch Reflexes Stabilizing the Eyes Stabilizing the Head Stabilizing the Body Modulation of Postural Reflexes 10.4 How Do Animals Move through the World? Central Pattern Generation Swimming in Fishes Walking in Quadrupeds 10.5 What Does the Motor Cortex Contribute to Motor Control? Pathways Descending from Motor Cortex Cortical Motor Maps Encoding Movement Details Mirror Neurons in the Premotor Cortex Motor Cortex Plasticity 10.6 What Does the Cerebellum Contribute to Motor Control? Cerebellar Anatomy Cerebellar Function: Adaptive Feedforward Control Cerebellar Dysfunction Non-motor Functions of the Cerebellum 10.7 How Do the Motor Systems Interact? Chapter 11 - Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space 11.1 How do the Somatosensory and Visual Systems Encode Space? Spatial Mapping in the Somatosensory System Spatial Mapping in the Visual System 11.2 How Can Animals Determine Where a Sound Came From? Interaural Comparisons Encoding Space in the Auditory Midbrain and Forebrain 11.3 In Which Spatial Coordinate System Should Stimuli Be Localized? Movable Sensor Arrays Spatial Coordinate Transformations 11.4 How Do Animals Orient Toward an Interesting Stimulus? Targeted Eye Movements Targeted Head Movements Targeted Hand Movements 11.5 How Do Animals Navigate through Space? Testing for Allocentric Navigation in Animals Hippocampal Lesions Impair Allocentric Navigation Hippocampal Place Cells Chapter 12 - Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects 12.1 What Coding Strategies Do Sensory Systems Employ? Sparse and Efficient Sensory Coding Grandmother Cells versus Combinatorial Coding 12.2 How Does the Visual System Identify Objects? Retinal Receptive Fields Thalamic Receptive Fields Edges and Line Detectors in V1 Identifying Visual Motion Identifying Color Identifying Complex Visual Objects 12.3 How Do Neurons Encode Non-Visual Objects? Object Identification in the Olfactory System Identifying Sounds Identifying Things by Touch or Taste 12.4 Are We Born with All the Neurons We Use to Identify Stimulus Objects? Sensory Deprivation Experiments Instructive Effects of Early Experience 12.5 Why Do We Experience Objects as Coherent Entities? Binding through Temporal Correlation Disorders of Perceptual Binding Chapter 13 - Regulating Brain States 13.1 How Does the Brain Generate and Direct Attention? Psychological Aspects of Attention Neural Correlates of Involuntary Attention Neural Correlates of Voluntary Attention 13.2 What Mechanisms Generate Behavioral Arousal? The Electroencephalogram (EEG) Ascending Arousal Systems The Locus Coeruleus System 13.3 Why Do We Sleep, and What Helps Us Wake Up? Stages of Sleep The Origins of EEG Rhythms Brain Systems That Wake Us Up Brain Systems That Induce Sleep 13.4 What's Happening During REM Sleep? 13.5 Why Does the Brain Have Discrete States? Chapter 14 - Remembering Relationships 14.1 How Many Forms of Learning And Memory Are There? 14.2 What's Wrong With H.M.? H.M.'s Amnesia The Sparing of Procedural Learning 14.3 Can H.M.'s Amnesia Be Reproduced in Non-humans? Subdivisions of the Medial Temporal Lobe Object Discrimination Tests in Rats What Does the Hippocampus Do? 14.4 How Are Hippocampus-dependent Memories Created, and How Are They Recalled? Hippocampal Circuits and Synaptic Plasticity Pattern Learning within the Hippocampus Memory Recall 14.5 What Happens to Memories as They Grow Old? Systems Consolidation The Formation of Neocortical Assemblies 14.6 What Makes Some Memories Stronger Than Others? Boosting the Initial Experience Post-training Memory Enhancement Memory Modulation by the Basolateral Amygdala Function of the Human Basolateral Amygdala 14.7 How Do Animals Learn What's Dangerous? Auditory Fear Conditioning Contextual Fear Conditioning Inhibitory Avoidance Training 14.8 How Do We Learn What to Eat or Not to Eat? Learning from Others Learning from Nausea Neural Substrates of Conditioned Taste Aversion 14.9 What Happens When Memories Conflict? Habit versus Place Learning Chapter 15 - Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals 15.1 What Is the Frontostriatal System? Complexities of Basal Ganglia Nomenclature An Overarching Function for the Frontostriatal System 15.2 What Are the Direct and Indirect Pathways Through the Striatum? Direct Frontostriatal Loops The Indirect Pathway Through the Striatum 15.3 What Is the Influence of Dopamine on the Frontostriatal Loops? Dopaminergic Modulation of the Striatum Animal Models of Dopamine Depletion Dopamine and Drugs of Abuse 15.4 How Do We Learn What to Do When? Dopamine bursts Can Follow or Precede Rewards Phasic Dopamine Bursts as Teaching Signals 15.5 How Do the Dorsal and the Ventral Striatum Relate to One Another? 15.6 What to Do With Prefrontal Cortex Prefrontal Lobotomies Response Inhibition Working Memory 15.7 How Do the Components of the Frontostriatal System Work Together? Chapter 16 - Being Different from Others 16.1 Which Species Should Neuroscientists Study, and Why? The August Krogh Principle Problems with the Model Species Concept Studying Non-human Species for Their Own Sake 16.2 Who Evolved the Largest and Most Complex Brains? Evolutionary Increases in Brain Size and Complexity Allometric Brain Scaling 16.3 What Makes Human Brains Unique? Primate Brain Evolution The Neural Basis of Human Language The Evolution of Language-related Circuitry 16.4 Do Brains Differ Between the Sexes? Mechanisms of Sexual Differentiation Sex Differences in Spinal Cord, Midbrain, and Hypothalamus Sex Differences in the Telencephalon 16.5 Within a Sex, How Much Do Human Brains Vary? Implications of Brain Variability for Functional Brain Imaging Age-related Variability in Brains 16.6 What Can We Learn By Comparing Diverse Brains? Working with Animal Models Taking Advantage of "Natural Experiments" Glossary Credits Index

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BB23408951
• ISBN:
  • 9780195396157
• LCCN: 2015029315
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: New York
• ページ数/冊数: xxix, 613 p.
• 大きさ: 29 cm
• 分類:
  • LCC : QP355.2
  • DC23 : 612.8
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Neurobiology
  • LCSH : Nervous syste
  • LCSH : Neuron
  • LCSH : Neuroplasticity
  • LCSH : Neural networks (Neurobiology)