Third-party interventions before the European Court of Human Rights : amicus curiae, member-state and third-party interventions
Author(s)
Bibliographic Information
Third-party interventions before the European Court of Human Rights : amicus curiae, member-state and third-party interventions
Intersentia, c2017
- Other Title
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Third-party interventions before the ECtHR
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  Niigata
  Toyama
  Ishikawa
  Fukui
  Yamanashi
  Nagano
  Gifu
  Shizuoka
  Aichi
  Mie
  Shiga
  Kyoto
  Osaka
  Hyogo
  Nara
  Wakayama
  Tottori
  Shimane
  Okayama
  Hiroshima
  Yamaguchi
  Tokushima
  Kagawa
  Ehime
  Kochi
  Fukuoka
  Saga
  Nagasaki
  Kumamoto
  Oita
  Miyazaki
  Kagoshima
  Okinawa
  Korea
  China
  Thailand
  United Kingdom
  Germany
  Switzerland
  France
  Belgium
  Netherlands
  Sweden
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  United States of America
Note
Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-209) and index
Description and Table of Contents
Description
Over the past decades the European Court of Human Rights has been increasingly engaged in constitutional decision-making. In this time the Court has decided whether abortion, assisted suicide, and surrogate motherhood are human rights. The Court's judgments therefore do not just affect the parties to a particular case, but individuals, other member states, and often European society at large. Unsurprisingly, a variety of entities such as non-governmental organisations, try to participate in the Court's proceedings as third-party interveners. Acknowledging a certain public interest in its decision-making, the Court accepted the first intervention in 1979. Since that time, interventions by individuals, member states and non-governmental organisations have increased. Yet despite this long-standing practice, third-party interventions have never been fully theorised. Third-Party Interventions before the European Court of Human Rights is the first comprehensive and empirical study on third-party interventions before an international court.Analysing all cases between 1979 and 2016 to which an intervention was made the book explores their potential influence on the reasoning and decision-making of the Court.
It further argues that there are three different type of intervention playing different roles in the administration of justice: amicus curiae interventions by organisations with a virtual interest in the case which strengthen the Court's legitimacy in its democratic environment; member state interventions reinforcing state sovereignty; and actual third-party interventions by individuals who are involved in the facts of a case and who are protecting their own legal interests. As a consequence, the book makes a plea for applying distinct admissibility criteria to the different type of interventions as well as a more transparent procedure when accepting and denying interventions.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements - v
Table of Cases with Interventions - xiii
List of Abbreviations - xlix
Chapter 1. Introduction - 1
1. Context and Scope of the Study - 1
2. Method - 2
3. Basic Legal Framework - 4
3.1. Historical Background - 4
3.2. Ratione Personae - 5
3.2.1. Amicus Curiae Intervention - 6
3.2.2. Member-State Intervention - 9
3.2.3. Third-Party Intervention - 9
3.3. Ratione Materiae - 10
3.4. Ratione Temporis - 10
3.5. Form - 11
3.5.1. Written Comments - 11
3.5.2. Oral Comments - 11
3.6. The Court’s Engagement with Interventions - 12
3.6.1. Summary in Judgments - 12
3.6.2. Reference in Reasoning - 13
3.6.3. Reference in Separate Opinions - 15
Chapter 2. Amicus Curiae Intervention - 17
1. Introduction - 17
2. Historical Origin - 19
3. Rationale of Amicus Curiae - 20
4. The Court’s Legitimacy - 22
4.1. Tension between Democracy and Judicial Review - 22
4.1.1. Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty - 24
4.1.2. Quasi-Constitutional Function - 26
4.2. Constitutional Features - 29
5. Argumentative Representation - 30
5.1. Ideological Submissions - 31
5.1.1. Restraint Amicus Curiae Interventions - 33
5.1.1.1. Faith-based NGOs - 33
5.1.1.2. Churches - 35
5.1.2. Activist Amicus Curiae Interventions - 35
5.1.3. Beginning and Ending of Life - 38
5.1.4. Rights of LGBT People - 40
5.1.5. Relation between Religion and the State - 41
5.1.6. Influence on Ideological Directions of Cases - 44
5.2. Knowledge Production - 46
5.2.1. Information on International Law - 47
5.2.1.1. International Human Rights Law - 49
5.2.1.2. European Union Law - 50
5.2.1.3. International Humanitarian Law - 51
5.2.1.4. Preliminary Conclusion - 53
5.2.2. Contextualisation - 53
5.2.2.1. Factual Information - 54
5.2.2.2. Legal Information - 55
5.2.2.3. Situation in Northern Ireland - 56
5.2.2.4. Regime Changes in Central and Eastern Europe - 58
5.2.2.5. Preliminary Conclusion - 60
5.3. Lend Credibility to Arguments - 61
5.3.1. Membership-Based Organisations - 61
5.3.2. Authority - 63
5.4. Preliminary Conclusion - 65
6. Principled Decision-Making - 65
6.1. Proportionality - 66
6.1.1. Proportionality in the European Court’s Judgments - 67
6.1.2. Proportionality in the Narrow Sense - 68
6.1.2.1. Intensity - 69
6.1.2.2. Importance - 72
6.1.2.3. Justification - 73
6.1.3. Preliminary Conclusion - 74
6.2. Consensus and Comparative Reference - 75
6.2.1. Absence of Established Case Law - 76
6.2.2. Social or Political Development - 79
6.2.3. Preliminary Conclusion - 81
6.3. Margin of Appreciation - 82
6.4. Precedent - 85
6.4.1. Endorsement - 86
6.4.2. Rejection - 87
6.4.3. Preliminary Conclusion - 90
6.5. Development of the Convention - 91
6.5.1. Rights of Detainees - 92
6.5.1.1. Extradition and Expulsion - 93
6.5.1.2. Enforced Disappearance and Secret Detention - 96
6.5.1.3. Preliminary Conclusion - 98
6.5.2. Rights of LGBT People - 99
6.5.2.1. Rights of Transsexuals - 100
6.5.2.2. Family Life and Marriage - 100
6.5.2.3. Adoption - 102
6.5.2.4. Preliminary Conclusion - 102
6.5.3. Rights of Roma and Travellers - 103
6.5.4. Preliminary Conclusion - 107
7. Acceptance of Court’s Authority - 108
7.1. Specific Support - 109
7.2. Diffuse Support - 112
7.2.1. Use of Amicus Curiae - 113
7.2.2. Transparent Procedure - 115
7.2.3. Arbitrary Refusals - 116
7.3. Preliminary Conclusion - 117
8. Admissibility of Amicus Curiae - 118
8.1. Admissibility Ratione Materiae - 118
8.1.1. The Interest of Proper Administration of Justice - 118
8.1.2. General Principles - 119
8.1.3. Practical Implications - 122
8.2. Admissibility Ratione Personae - 123
8.2.1. Non-Governmental Organisations - 123
8.2.1.1. European Organisations - 123
8.2.1.2. Non-European Organisations - 124
8.2.2. National Human Rights Institutions and Ombudspersons - 125
8.2.3. Individuals - 126
8.2.4. Members of Parliamentary Assemblies - 126
8.2.5. International Organisations - 127
8.2.6. Non-Member States - 127
8.3. Preliminary Conclusion - 127
9. Conclusion - 128
Chapter 3. Member-State Intervention - 131
1. Preliminary Observation - 131
2. Notion and Origin - 132
3. Reinforcement of State Sovereignty - 134
4. Judicial Restraint - 136
4.1. Margin of Appreciation - 138
4.2. Subsidiarity - 140
4.3. Historical Interpretation - 141
4.4. Reserved Domain - 142
4.4.1. Immigration and National Security - 143
4.4.2. Governmental Structure - 145
4.5. State Responsibility in Relation to Inter-Governmental Organisations - 147
4.6. Restraint Ideological Submissions - 150
5. The Court’s Engagement with Member-State Intervention - 152
5.1. Reflection in Judgments - 152
5.2. Weakening Established Case Law - 153
6. Conclusion - 154
Chapter 4. Actual Third-Party Intervention - 157
1. Preliminary Observation - 157
2. Origin and Notion - 158
3. Legal Interest - 161
3.1. Ratione Materiae - 161
3.1.1. Execution of Judgments - 162
3.1.1.1. Reopening of Domestic Proceedings - 163
3.1.1.2. Other Individual Measures - 165
3.1.2. Conflict of Rights - 166
3.1.2.1. Property - 166
3.1.2.2. Ancestry - 168
3.1.2.3. Abduction of Children - 169
3.1.2.4. Child Custody and Visiting Rights - 171
3.1.2.5. Employment - 171
3.1.2.6. Defamation and Privacy Invasion - 172
3.1.3. Preliminary Conclusion - 173
3.2. Ratione Personae - 173
3.2.1. Natural and Legal Persons - 174
3.2.2. State Entities and Intergovernmental Bodies - 175
3.3. Preliminary Conclusion - 177
4. The Court’s Practice - 177
5. Scope of Participation - 179
5.1. Right to Intervene - 179
5.2. Litigation Rights - 181
6. Conclusion - 182
Chapter 5. Conclusion - 183
1. Third-Party Intervention: One Term, Three Concepts - 183
1.1. Amicus Curiae: Strengthen the Court’s Legitimacy - 183
1.2. Member States: Reinforce State Sovereignty - 185
1.3. Actual Third Party: Protect Own Legal Interests - 185
2. Non-Transparent Procedure and Admissibility Criteria - 186
2.1. Amicus Curiae Intervention - 186
2.2. Third-Party Intervention - 187
3. Impact of Intervention - 188
3.1. Amicus Curiae Intervention - 189
3.2. Member-State Intervention - 192
3.3. Third-Party Intervention - 192
Bibliography - 195
Index - 211
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