CiNii Books - The technical and social history of software engineering

"Capers Jones has accumulated the most comprehensive data on every aspect of software engineering, and has performed the most scientific analysis on this data. Now, Capers performs yet another invaluable service to our industry, by documenting, for the first time, its long and fascinating history. Capers' new book is a must-read for every software engineering student and information technology professional." - From the Foreword by Tony Salvaggio, CEO and president, Computer Aid, Inc. Software engineering is one of the world's most exciting and important fields. Now, pioneering practitioner Capers Jones has written the definitive history of this world-changing industry. Drawing on several decades as a leading researcher and innovator, he illuminates the field's broad sweep of progress and its many eras of invention. He assesses the immense impact of software engineering on society, and previews its even more remarkable future. Decade by decade, Jones examines trends, companies, winners, losers, new technologies, productivity/quality issues, methods, tools, languages, risks, and more. He reviews key inventions, estimates industry growth, and addresses "mysteries" such as why programming languages gain and lose popularity. Inspired by Paul Starr's Pulitzer Prize-winning The Social Transformation of American Medicine, Jones' new book is a tour de force-and compelling reading for everyone who wants to understand how software became what it is today. COVERAGE INCLUDES * The human need to compute: from ancient times to the modern era * Foundations of computing: Alan Turing, Konrad Zuse, and World War II * Big business, big defense, big systems: IBM, mainframes, and COBOL * A concise history of minicomputers and microcomputers: the birth of Apple and Microsoft * The PC era: DOS, Windows, and the rise of commercial software * Innovations in writing and managing code: structured development, objects, agile, and more * The birth and explosion of the Internet and the World Wide Web * The growing challenges of legacy system maintenance and support * Emerging innovations, from wearables to intelligent agents to quantum computing * Cybercrime, cyberwarfare, and large-scale software failure

Table of Contents

Foreword by Walker Royce vii Foreword by Tony Salvaggio ix Preface xix Acknowledgments xxvii About the Author xxix Chapter 1: Prelude: Computing from Ancient Times to the Modern Era 1 The Human Need to Compute 1 Early Sequence of Numerical Knowledge 3 Inventions for Improved Mathematics 8 Key Inventions Relevant to Software 21 The Impact of Software on People and Society 23 Summary 35 Chapter 2: 1930 to 1939: The Foundations of Digital Computing 37 The First Innovators of Modern Computing 37 Small Mathematical Applications 40 Summary 42 Chapter 3: 1940 to 1949: Computing During World War II and the Postwar Era 43 Global Conflict and Computing 43 Wartime Innovations 45 Computers in the Postwar Era 68 Historical Contributions of the Decade 73 Building Software in 1945 75 Summary 76 Chapter 4: 1950 to 1959: Starting the Ascent of Digital Computers and Software 77 Military and Defense Computers in the 1950s 77 Innovators of the 1950s 81 Programming Languages of the 1950s 84 The First Commercial Computers 85 Software Applications in the 1950s 89 Function Points in 1955 90 Summary 91 Chapter 5: 1960 to 1969: The Rise of Business Computers and Business Software 93 An Evolving Workforce 93 Early Specialized Outsourcing 95 Computer Programmers in the 1960s 96 IBM System/360 104 The Turing Award 106 The Invention of the Credit Card 109 Automation and New Professions 110 The DEC PDP-1 111 Programming Languages of the 1960s 112 The Computer Business of the 1960s 115 Litigation Changes the Computer World Forever 118 Computers and Software in Space 119 Computer and Software Growth in the 1960s 120 Function Points Backfired for 1965 122 Summary 123 Chapter 6: 1970 to 1979: Computers and Software Begin Creating Wealth 125 Software Evolution in the 1970s 125 Major Companies Formed During the 1970s 129 Computer and Software Companies Formed During the 1970s 130 The Impact of Companies Founded During the 1970s 145 The Troublesome Growth of Software Applications 146 Numerous Fragmented Software Subcategories 147 A Lawsuit That Changed Computer History 158 Background Enabling Inventions 159 Function Points in 1975 162 Summary 163 Chapter 7: 1980 to 1989: The Rise of Personal Computers and Personal Software 165 Rapid Changes in Computing 166 Companies Formed During the 1980s 168 The Growth of Software During the 1980s 204 Results for 1,000 Function Points Circa 1985 204 Summary 205 Chapter 8: 1990 to 1999: Expansion of the World Wide Web and the Rise of Dot-Coms 207 Emergence of the World Wide Web 208 Other Innovations of the 1990s 210 Companies Formed During the 1990s 212 Mass Updates and Aging Legacy Software 237 Incompatibilities of International Date Formats 239 The Expansion of Outsourcing 243 Growth of Software Applications During the 1990s 243 Results for 1,000 Function Points Circa 1995 244 Summary 245 Chapter 9: 2000 to 2009: The Rise of Social Networks and Economic Crises 247 The Dot-Com Bubble 248 The Great Recession 250 Innovations of the 2000s 254 Companies Formed During the 2000s 257 Growth of Software from 2000 to 2010 283 Results for 1,000 Function Points Circa 2005 284 Summary 285 Chapter 10: 2010 to 2019: Clouds, Crowds, Blogs, Big Data, and Predictive Analytics 287 Predicting the Future 288 Professional Status for Software Engineering 289 Possible Software Engineering Improvements in the 2010s 293 Companies Formed During the Early 2010s 296 Predicting New Companies and Products from 2013 to 2019 311 Projected Growth of Software from 2010 to 2019 327 Results for 1,000 Function Points Circa 2015 328 Summary 329 Chapter 11: Modern Software Problems 331 Analysis of Major Software Failures 331 Summary 349 Chapter 12: A Brief History of Cybercrime and Cyberwarfare 351 A New Form of Crime 351 Types of Cyberattacks 362 The Odds of Being Attacked 392 Improving Defenses Against Cyberattacks 394 Raising Our Immunity to Cyberattacks 396 The Increasing Frequency and Costs of Cyberattacks in the United States 404 Summary 406 Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography and References 407 Index 423

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The technical and social history of software engineering

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