Water scarcity, climate change and conflict in the Middle East : securing livelihoods, building peace

著者

• Ward, Christopher
• Ruckstuhl, Sandra

書誌事項

Water scarcity, climate change and conflict in the Middle East : securing livelihoods, building peace

by Christopher Ward and Sandra Ruckstuhl

（International library of human geography, 40）

I.B. Tauris, 2017

注記

Includes bibliographical references (p. [325]-334) and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

The countries that make up the MENA region display wide diversity. One of the poorest countries in the world sits alongside two of the wealthiest, whilst the region's natural resources range from immeasurable oil and gas reserves to some of the scantiest natural endowments anywhere in the world. Yet through this diversity runs a common thread: water scarcity. Now, through the impact of human development and climate change, the water resource itself is changing,bringing new risks and increasing the vulnerability of all those dependent on water. Chris Ward and Sandra Ruckstuhl assess the increased challenges now facing the countries of the region, placing particular emphasis on water scarcity and the resultant risks to livelihoods, food security and the environment. They evaluate the risks and reality of climate change in the region, and offer an assessment of the vulnerability of agriculture and livelihoods. In a final section, they explore the options for responding to the new challenges, including policy, institutional, economic and technical measures.

目次

Contents Introduction: Background on the Middle East & North Africa region The countries of the region A varied set of countries * Wide structural differences and diverse natural endowments Global and regional trends Sluggish growth, poor fiscal outlook and low investor confidence * Trade and food security * Political change * Demographic trends and pressures * The effects of conflict Water in the region Water scarcity is a common thread * Demographic pressures are contributing to scarcity * Economic changes are also exacerbating scarcity * The faint but clear voice of the environment and of water's ecological services * Water scarcity and climate change * Water scarcity and the need for an integrated approach Agriculture The importance of agriculture in the Middle East & North Africa * Pressures on agriculture * Agriculture and water scarcity * Agriculture and climate change * Competition for water and the case for transfer of water out of agriculture * Agriculture and rural poverty * Perceived links between water, agriculture and food security Water and conflict PART I: CHALLENGES Chapter 1: The challenge of water and agriculture and the drivers of water scarcity Water resources and uses Water uses by sector Climate and farming systems The contribution of agriculture Food security and agricultural water management Food production and consumption in the Middle East & North Africa * Food security and insecurity * Impacts of conflict on food security * Can food insecurity drive conflict? * Links between agriculture and food security Recent trends: an agriculture already under stress Land and water use in agriculture * Productivity, technology and innovation * Market orientation * Policies, institutions and public goods * Agricultural heritage and conservation Irrigation in the Middle East & North Africa The importance of irrigation in the region * Agricultural water withdrawals * Types of irrigation in the region Drivers of scarcity and the challenge of water for agriculture Chapter 2: Climate change and its expected impacts on the farming systems of the region Climate change events anticipated in the Middle East & North Africa Expected impacts of climate change on agricultural water and farming Water resources * Irrigation * Crop and livestock yields and production * Impacts by farming system Readiness for climate change Strategic preparedness Research on issues of agriculture and climate change The region's contribution to climate change Chapter 3: Water and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa A deadly water conflict The nature and role of conflict in the water sector of the region Why does conflict so often arise over water? The nature of the resource * Social and institutional specifics of water * Political economy and power relations over water Types of water conflict in the region A classification of transboundary conflict * A classification of conflict at the national or sectoral level * A classification of conflict at the local level The challenge of transboundary water A fertile field for conflict in the region * Scant cooperation to date * Pointers for the future Conflict at the national or inter-sectoral level Conflicts over access to water and water-related services * Conflict of water-related policy with other interests * Conflict with environmental needs or resource sustainability Conflict at the local level Conflicts arising from local adoption of new technology * Conflict provoked by state intervention at the local level Growing pressures to water conflict in the region Changes in patterns of demand * Changes on the supply side * The changing institutional context and power relations Water and conflict in the Syrian crisis Water and the causes of the Syrian crisis * The role of drought in the Syria crisis * How could this happen in a country that has so developed its water resources for agriculture? * Conclusion: water issues and the Syrian crisis PART II: OPTIONS Chapter 4: Policies and institutions for managing water resources for agriculture Bringing integrated management to bear on agricultural water management to promote efficiency Global best practice: integrated water resources management * The goals of IWRM * Three IWRM principles * Implementing IWRM * IWRM in the region Overall water governance and institutions in the Middle East & North Africa IWRM and the basin approach Subsidiarity, decentralization and participation Acting on the supply-side drivers of scarcity Mobilizing new supplies * Non-conventional sources of water for agriculture Groundwater depletion The incentive framework for promoting water use efficiency and water productivity in agriculture Irrigation water pricing * Protection of domestic production * Energy subsidies * Adjusting the entire incentive structure Chapter 5: Water use efficiency and crop water productivity in agricultural water management Water use efficiency and water productivity Water use efficiency * Improving water use efficiency * Crop water productivity and how to improve it * Entry points for further increasing water use efficiency and water productivity in the region Surface irrigation: increasing water use efficiency and closing the yield gap through modernization Comparing the performance of irrigation in the region with global performance * Emerging constraints and opportunities: water user associations * Emerging constraints and opportunities: the nexus of energy and agricultural water management* Emerging constraints and opportunities: financing operations and recovering costs from farmers * Planning for irrigation modernization * Elements for an action plan * Applying MASSCOTE in the region Pressurized irrigation and high value agriculture Options for future development Sustainable groundwater irrigation The advantages of groundwater * The problems of groundwater * Groundwater in Saudi Arabia * Groundwater boom and bust in Yemen * Options for future groundwater management Lower cost energy options for irrigation Rainfed agriculture Soil moisture management * Rainwater harvesting * Supplementary irrigation * Soil fertility * Integrated soil, crop and water management * Improving productivity and adapting to climate change in rainfed farming in the region * Technology, institutional adaptation and the research agenda * What next? The challenge of soils and land degradation Status of soils in the region * Factors driving soil degradation * Causes of degradation * Costs of soil degradation * Responses to degradation Watershed management and water management in the region's drylands Watershed management * Payment for Environmental Services (PES) * Water and forestry * Water in the drylands * Water, pastoral systems and desertification Salinization, waterlogging and drainage Reasons for neglect of drainage * The case for drainage in the region * Good practice: policy issues and trade-offs * Technology and investment choices * Drainage water reuse Chapter 6: Adapting to climate change in the Middle East and North Africa Adaptation options for farming systems and rural households Likely farmer adaptations in agriculture * Technological and institutional adaptation * Adaptation by farming system: highland and rainfed mixed systems * Adaptation by farming system: dryland mixed systems * Adaptation by farming system: pastoral systems * Adaptation by farming system: irrigated agriculture Household-level livelihood strategies Farm incomes * Off-farm rural activities * Exit from farming and rural to urban migration Strategies for adapting agriculture under climate change Climate modelling and resource monitoring * Preparation of adaptation and mitigation strategies Policies and programmes to support farmers in adapting agricultural practices Research, extension and information * Learning from and with farmers * Finance Increasing water productivity through integrated water resources management under climate change Managing water allocations for agriculture * Increasing water supplies for agriculture * More sustainable groundwater management * Improving irrigation water use efficiency Adapting institutions: decentralization and community collaboration Policy level issues for adaptation Virtual water, trade liberalization and market development * Promoting poor people's access to product markets Regional and international cooperation on climate change affecting agriculture Research * Coordinated policies and actions * River basin cooperation Innovative approaches New partnerships and mechanisms * Combining adaptation and mitigation Paris 2015 Financing for adaptation Carbon markets * Markets in environmental services Climate change mitigation and the agricultural carbon footprint Broader policies and programmes to sustain rural livelihoods Food security and climate change The food security challenge in the region's poorest country * Food security and the middle income Arab countries * Better off countries and food security Coping with the food security crisis in Syria and neighbouring countries affected by the crisis Starting recovery with the rural and agriculture sector * Building resilience as the basis for rural food security * A strategic approach * Harnessing the opportunities * Can rebuilding food security contribute to peacebuilding? Conclusion Chapter 7: Water conflict resolution Options for managing and resolving conflict A framework for conflict management and resolution * Is conflict a help? * Best practice in water management as a pathway to conflict resolution From conflict to cooperation on transboundary waters Transboundary cooperation in practice: the case of the West Bank aquifers The failure of the Joint Water Council as a forum for integrated water resource management * Constraints to Palestinian water investment and services * Who is really in control of West Bank water? * Lessons from Article 40 and the West Bank Cooperation on the Nile: experience and lessons The importance of cooperation on the Nile * History of Nile cooperation * Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) governance * Investments and results 2002-15: what has been achieved? * Institutional development: what has been achieved? * Constraints and overcoming constraints * Impact of cooperation on the Nile * Current risks and future risk management Lessons learned: lessons on the process of negotiating cooperation on transboundary waters * Lessons learned: how to tackle the substantive cooperation issues * Last word on the Nile The problem of the Euphrates The cause and urgency of the Euphrates problem No equivalent `Tigris problem' The failed history of cooperation on Euphrates waters * Framework for action * The weaponization of international waters: effects of the crises in Syria and Iraq on the Euphrates and Tigris Resolving conflict through good water management within the nation National level solutions from the top: infrastructure, institutions, accountability * Infrastructure * Institutions: integrated water resources management and legal water rights * Water markets * Demand management: regulation * Demand management: the incentive framework * The characteristics of formal institutions adapted to good water management and to conflict resolution * Integrating water governance from the bottom up * The case of water user associations * Implementing reforms to improve water management and resolve water conflict When nations fall apart - the role of water governance in easing tensions in the Syria conflict Conclusion Chapter 8: Peacebuilding through water governance Peace, peacebuilding and environmental peacebuilding Environmental peacebuilding strategy Capacities for collaborative governance * Practicalities: Taking advantage of the context * Maximizing operational approaches * Conclusion PART III: NEXT STEPS Chapter 9: An agenda for change Organization of the chapter Managing water resources for agriculture in the Middle East & North Africa: gaps and options Governance and institutions * IWRM and the basin approach * Subsidiarity, decentralization, participation * Acting on the supply-side drivers of scarcity * Tackling groundwater depletion * The incentive framework for water use efficiency and water productivity in agriculture Improving water use efficiency and crop water productivity Water use efficiency and water productivity * Surface irrigation: increasing water use efficiency and closing the yield gap through modernization * The energy/water nexus * Pressurized irrigation * Rainfed agriculture * Watershed management * Water in the drylands and anti-desertification * Water and forestry * Drainage and drainage water reuse Are these new approaches to agricultural water management? New approaches * The contribution of regional collaboration Scope to adapt to climate change Farmer responses * Government role in supporting farmers * Household-level livelihood strategies * Food security under climate change * Implications for policy and programmes Resolving conflict over water From conflict to cooperation on transboundary waters * Options for managing transboundary conflict * Resolving conflict through good water management within a country's borders Peacebuilding Difficult policy choices and deciding on trade-offs Productivity v. food self-sufficiency * Free trade v. protection * Managing trade-offs and aligning incentives Creating momentum for change Drivers of change in the water sectors of the countries of the Middle East & North Africa * Introducing best practice water policies: lessons from Australia Bibliography Index

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BB25994673
• ISBN:
  • 9781784537760
• 出版国コード: uk
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: London
• ページ数/冊数: xviii, 343 p.
• 大きさ: 25 cm
• 分類:
  • LCC : TD313.5
  • DC23 : 333.91
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Water-supply -- Middle East -- Management
  • LCSH : Water resources development -- Middle East
  • LCSH : Water and civilization
  • LCSH : Climate and civilization
• 親書誌ID:
  • BA64881556