Taphonomy of human remains : forensic analysis of the dead and the depositional environment

著者

• Schotsmans, Eline M.
• Márquez-Grant, Nicholas
• Forbes, Shari

書誌事項

Taphonomy of human remains : forensic analysis of the dead and the depositional environment

edited by Eline M.J. Schotsmans, Nicholas Márquez-Grant, Shari L. Forbes

John Wiley & Sons, 2017

注記

Includes bibliographical references and index (p. 495-509)

内容説明・目次

内容説明

A truly interdisciplinary approach to this core subject within Forensic Science Combines essential theory with practical crime scene work Includes case studies Applicable to all time periods so has relevance for conventional archaeology, prehistory and anthropology Combines points of view from both established practitioners and young researchers to ensure relevance

目次

List of Contributors xix Notes on Contributors xxvii Foreword xxix Acknowledgements xxxi Introduction 1 Eline M.J. Schotsmans, Nicholas Marquez-Grant and Shari L. Forbes I.1 Efremov: from Taphonomy to Science Fiction 1 I.2 The Meaning of Taphonomy 2 I.3 The Rationale Behind this Volume 3 I.4 Challenges in Forensic Taphonomy 4 I.5 Organisation of the Volume 6 References 7 Part I General Post-Mortem Processes: Degradation of Soft Tissue, Bone and Associated Materials 9 1 Gross Post-Mortem Changes in the Human Body 11 Stuart J. Hamilton and Michael A. Green 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 The Immediate Post-Mortem Period 11 1.3 Subsequent Weeks 16 1.4 Other Post-Mortem Modifications 16 1.5 Skeletonisation 22 1.6 Conclusion and Future Research 22 References 23 Cited court cases 25 2 Microscopic Post-Mortem Changes: the Chemistry of Decomposition 26 Shari L. Forbes, Katelynn A. Perrault and Jenna L. Comstock 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Autolysis 27 2.3 Putrefaction 27 2.4 Factors Affecting Autolysis and Putrefaction 31 2.5 Impact of the Decomposition Process on the Surrounding Environment 32 2.6 Conclusion 35 References 35 3 Profiling Volatile Organic Compounds of Decomposition 39 Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto, Elien Rosier, Jan Tytgat, Jean-Francois Focant and Eva Cuypers 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Matrices and Sampling Methods 40 3.3 Results and Discussion 46 3.4 Conclusion and Future Research 49 References 50 4 Blood Degradation and Bloodstain Age Estimation 53 Gerda J. Edelman and Maurice C.G. Aalders 4.1 Introduction: Forensic relevance of bloodstains 53 4.2 Blood Degradation 54 4.3 Mechanical and Morphological Changes 55 4.4 Optical Methods 55 4.5 Practical Implementation 59 4.6 Crime Scene Challenges of Bloodstain Age Estimation 60 4.7 Conclusion 62 References 62 5 DNA Degradation: Current Knowledge and Progress in DNA Analysis 65 Claudio Ottoni, Bram Bekaert and Ronny Decorte 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Mechanisms of DNA Degradation 65 5.3 Preservation of DNA: Recommendations Concerning Sampling and Storage 68 5.4 Methodologies to Analyse Degraded DNA 70 5.5 Future Prospects 74 5.6 Conclusion 75 References 75 6 Taphonomic Alterations to Hair and Nail 81 Andrew S. Wilson 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Structure of Hair and Nail 82 6.3 Changes to Hair and Nail 83 6.4 Processing and Storage of Hair 87 6.5 Conclusion 87 Acknowledgements 88 References 88 7 Taphonomy of Teeth 92 Christopher W. Schmidt, Robin Quataert, Fatma Zalzala and Ruggero D'Anastasio 7.1 Introduction 92 7.2 Mechanical Damage: Forensic Case Study 93 7.3 Effects of Thermal Damage 94 7.4 Thermal Damage: Archaeological Case Study 95 7.5 Caveats 97 7.6 Conclusion 98 References 98 8 The Taphonomy of Natural Mummies 101 Dario Piombino-Mascali, Heather Gill-Frerking and Ronald G. Beckett 8.1 Introduction 101 8.2 Post-Mortem Decay 102 8.3 Natural or Spontaneous Mummification 102 8.4 Soft Tissue Changes 103 8.5 Environment, Culture or Both? 104 8.6 Dry Environments 104 8.7 Bog Environments 109 8.8 Cold Environments 110 8.9 Anaerobic Environments 112 8.10 Differential Decomposition 113 8.11 Post-Depositional Factors and Taphonomic Impact 114 8.12 Conclusion 116 References 116 9 Degradation of Clothing in Depositional Environments 120 Barbara H. Stuart and Maiken Ueland 9.1 Introduction 120 9.2 The Structures and Properties of Clothing Materials 120 9.3 Decomposition Mechanisms of Clothing Materials in Depositional Environments 124 9.4 The Influence of Clothing on the Decomposition Processes 127 9.5 Forensic and Archaeological Studies of Clothing Degradation 128 9.6 Protocols for Forensic and Archaeological Clothing Collection and Analysis 130 9.7 Conclusion and Future Research 131 References 131 10 Post-Mortem Interval Estimation: an Overview of Techniques 134 Tal Simmons 10.1 Introduction 134 10.2 Why Estimating the PMI is Important 134 10.3 Scientific Method versus Anecdote in PMI Estimation 135 10.4 Methods for Estimating PMI 137 10.5 Case Example 139 10.6 Conclusion and Future Research 140 References 141 Part II The Depositional Environment 143 11 Relationships between Human Remains, Graves and the Depositional Environment 145 Emily N. Junkins and David O. Carter 11.1 Introduction 145 11.2 The Taphonomy of Buried Human Remains 145 11.3 Factors that Influence Decomposition: Environmental and Intrinsic Variables 146 11.4 Decomposition Processes: Autolysis, Putrefaction and Decay 149 11.5 The Forensic Application of Taphonomy 150 11.6 Conclusion 151 References 152 12 Bacterial Symbionts and Taphonomic Agents of Humans 155 Franklin E. Damann 12.1 Introduction 155 12.2 Bacterial Growth and Metabolism 156 12.3 Limiting Factors of Bacterial Growth and Function 156 12.4 Bacteria as Symbiotic Organisms 158 12.5 Bacteria as Taphonomic Agents 159 12.6 Putrefaction 159 12.7 Microbiology in Forensic Medicine 161 12.8 Conclusion 163 References 164 13 Forensic Entomology and Funerary Archaeoentomology 167 Stefano Vanin and Jean-Bernard Huchet 13.1 Introduction 167 13.2 Insects: Useful Information for Forensic Scientists and Archaeologists 168 13.3 Forensic Entomology and the Application of Insect Knowledge in Forensic Contexts 175 13.4 Insects Recovered from Graves or Associated with Human Remains in Archaeological Contexts 176 13.5 Body Alteration at the Crime Scene as a Result of Insect Activity 179 13.6 Bone Modifications due to Insect Activity 181 13.7 Conclusion 181 Acknowledgements 182 References 182 14 Forensic Botany and Stomach Contents Analysis: Established Practice and Innovation 187 Jennifer Miller 14.1 Introduction 187 14.2 Forensic Applications of Botany 187 14.3 Conclusion 197 References 198 15 The Effects of Weathering on Bone Preservation 201 Soren Blau 15.1 Introduction 201 15.2 A Brief History of Weathering Studies 201 15.3 Variables that Influence Weathering 202 15.4 The Value of Bone Weathering Analyses in Forensic Investigations 204 15.5 Conclusion 208 Acknowledgements 208 References 208 16 The Effects of Terrestrial Mammalian Scavenging and Avian Scavenging on the Body 212 Alexandria Young 16.1 Introduction 212 16.2 Terrestrial Mammalian Scavengers 213 16.3 Avian Scavengers 225 16.4 Applications to Crime Scene Investigation 226 16.5 Conclusion and Future Research 227 References 228 17 Decomposition in Aquatic Environments 235 Barbara H. Stuart and Maiken Ueland 17.1 Introduction 235 17.2 Decomposition Processes in Aquatic Environments 236 17.3 Post-Mortem Submersion Interval 239 17.4 Factors Influencing Aquatic Decomposition Processes 240 17.5 Case Reports and Studies 244 17.6 Recovery Protocols 246 17.7 Conclusion and Future Research 247 References 247 18 Post-Mortem Differential Preservation and its Utility in Interpreting Forensic and Archaeological Mass Burials 251 Caroline Barker, Esma Alicehajic and Javier Naranjo Santana 18.1 Introduction 251 18.2 Assessment of Taphonomic Change in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts 251 18.3 The Study of Taphonomy in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts 253 18.4 Taphonomic Assessment in Mass Burial Deposits 256 18.5 Taphonomic Processes and Differential Preservation in Mass Burials: Current Research and Application 258 18.6 Case Study 1: Differential Preservation of Human Remains and Artefacts in Archaeological Mass Graves of the Same PMI and its Utility to Establish Differences in Burial Environments over Time 262 18.7 Case Study 2: Differential Preservation of Human Remains in Forensic Mass Graves and its Use as an Evidentiary Tool 264 18.8 Conclusion and Future Research 266 Acknowledgements 267 References 267 19 Reconstructing the Original Arrangement, Organisation and Architecture of Burials in Archaeology 277 Dominique Castex and Frederique Blaizot 19.1 Introduction 277 19.2 The Reconstruction of Perishable Funerary Architecture and its Arrangement 278 19.3 Analysis of Several Individuals in the Same Pit 284 19.4 Conclusion 294 Acknowledgements 294 References 295 Part III Anti-, Peri- and Post-Mortem Modifications to the Body 297 20 Forensic Toxicology of Decomposed Human Remains 299 Richard Lloyd and Julie Evans 20.1 Introduction 299 20.2 Toxicological Matrices 301 20.3 Case Study 307 20.4 Conclusion and Future Research 311 References 311 21 Thermal Alteration to the Body 318 Tim J.U. Thompson, David Goncalves, Kirsty Squires and Priscilla Ulguim 21.1 Introduction 318 21.2 Soft Tissue Changes 318 21.3 Hard Tissue Changes 319 21.4 Conclusion and Future Research 328 References 329 22 Concealing the Crime: the Effects of Chemicals on Human Tissues 335 Eline M. J. Schotsmans and Wim Van de Voorde 22.1 Introduction 335 22.2 Corrosive Substances: Definitions and History 336 22.3 The Effect of Corrosive Substances on Human Tissues: Case Examples 337 22.4 Research on Corrosive Agents and Decomposition 341 22.5 Case Study: The Pandy Case 343 22.6 Conclusion 347 Acknowledgements 347 References 348 23 Distinguishing between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone 352 Cristina Cattaneo and Annalisa Cappella 23.1 Introduction 352 23.2 Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma 352 23.3 Alternative Solutions for Distinguishing Between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone 362 23.4 Conclusion 365 References 365 24 Collection Care and Management of Human Remains 369 Rebecca C. Redfern and Jelena J. Bekvalac 24.1 Introduction 369 24.2 Collection Origin and Deposition 369 24.3 Collection Management 371 24.4 Conclusion 378 Acknowledgements 379 References 379 Part IV Case Studies 385 25 The Use of Volatile Fatty Acid Biomarkers to Estimate the Post-Mortem Interval 387 Arpad A. Vass 25.1 Introduction 387 25.2 Methods and Collection 387 25.3 Conclusion 393 References 393 26 A Taphonomic Study Based on Observations of 196 Exhumations and 23 Clandestine Burials 394 Roosje de Leeuwe and W.J. Mike Groen 26.1 Introduction 394 26.2 Background on the Exhumations Carried out by the NFI 394 26.3 Variables 395 26.4 Cemetery versus Clandestine Burials 400 26.5 Conclusion 401 References 401 27 Case Studies on Taphonomic Variation between Cemetery Burials 402 Karl Harrison and Emily Cline 27.1 Introduction 402 27.2 Burial Taphonomy: Examples of Cemetery Burials 402 27.3 Conclusion 407 References 408 28 Forensic Entomology Case Studies from Mexico 410 Leonardo R. Flores Perez, Humberto Molina Chavez, Manuel Nava Hernandez and Fray M. Perez Villegas 28.1 Introduction 410 28.2 Case Study from Mexico City 410 28.3 Case Studies from Hidalgo State 414 28.4 Conclusion 417 References 417 29 Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains and Textile Degradation: a Case Study 420 Rob C. Janaway and Nicholas Marquez-Grant 29.1 Introduction 420 29.2 Outdoor Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains 420 29.3 Case Study 422 29.4 Conclusion 426 Acknowledgements 428 References 428 30 Saponified Brains of the Spanish Civil War 429 Fernando Serrulla, Francisco Etxeberria, Lourdes Herrasti, Jose Luis Cascallana and Julio Del Olmo 30.1 Introduction: the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) 429 30.2 Two Mass Graves 429 30.3 Methods and Materials 431 30.4 Results: Taphonomic Factors and Brain Analysis 431 30.5 Discussion and Conclusion 434 Acknowledgements 436 References 436 31 Analysis and Interpretation of Burned Human Remains from a Homicide 438 Anne Coulombeix and Yves Schuliar 31.1 Introduction 438 31.2 Background to the Case 438 31.3 Physical Evidence Recovered at the Crime Scene 439 31.4 Additional Experiments 440 31.5 Discussion 442 31.6 Conclusion 443 Acknowledgements 443 References 443 32 A Soldier's Story: Forensic Anthropology and Blast Injury 445 Marie Christine Dussault, Martin Brown and Richard Osgood 32.1 Introduction 445 32.2 Background and Case History 445 32.3 Condition of the Remains and Inventory 446 32.4 Analysis Results 448 32.5 Discussion 449 32.6 Conclusion 451 References 451 33 Decomposition in an Unusual Environment: Body Sealed in Concrete 452 Maria Cristina de Mendonca 33.1 Introduction 452 33.2 Case Report 452 33.3 Discussion and Conclusion 453 34 A Case Study from Los Angeles: Baby in Concrete 454 Chelsea Parham and Elissa Fleak 34.1 Introduction 454 34.2 Background to the Case 454 34.3 External Examination 455 34.4 Internal Examination 457 34.5 Discussion 458 34.6 Conclusion 459 References 459 Part V Past, Present and Future Considerations 461 35 History and Development of the First Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville, Tennessee 463 Giovanna M. Vidoli, Dawnie W. Steadman, Joanne B. Devlin and Lee Meadows Jantz 35.1 Introduction 463 35.2 History of the ARF 463 35.3 Daily Operations of the FAC 465 35.4 Research at the ARF 468 35.5 Training Opportunities at the ARF 470 35.6 Conclusion 471 References 472 36 Crime Scene Investigation, Archaeology and Taphonomy: Reconstructing Activities at Crime Scenes 476 W.J. Mike Groen and Charles E.H. Berger 36.1 Introduction 476 36.2 CSI Fundamentals 478 36.3 The Archaeological Paradigm 480 36.4 Assessing Archaeological Assemblages and Site Formation Processes 483 36.5 The CSI Practice, an Archaeological and Criminalistic Perspective 484 36.6 Conclusion 490 Acknowledgements 491 References 491 Index 495

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BB26116930
• ISBN:
  • 9781118953327
• LCCN: 2016036072
• 出版国コード: uk
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: Chichester, West Sussex
• ページ数/冊数: xxxi, 509 p.
• 大きさ: 26 cm
• 分類:
  • LCC : RA1055
  • NLM : W 750
  • DC23 : 614/.17
• 件名:
  • MESH : Forensic Anthropology
  • MESH : Fossils
  • MESH : Postmortem Changes
  • MESH : Environment