Introduction to cities : how place and space shape human experience

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書誌事項

Introduction to cities : how place and space shape human experience

Xiangming Chen, Anthony M. Orum, and Krista E. Paulsen

Wiley Blackwell, 2018

2nd ed

  • : pbk

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注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

The revised and updated second edition of Introduction to Cities explores why cities are such a vital part of the human experience and how they shape our everyday lives. Written in engaging and accessible terms, Introduction to Cities examines the study of cities through two central concepts: that cities are places, where people live, form communities, and establish their own identities, and that they are spaces, such as the inner city and the suburb, that offer a way to configure and shape the material world and natural environment. Introduction to Cities covers the theory of cities from an historical perspective right through to the most recent theoretical developments. The authors offer a balanced account of life in cities and explore both positive and negative themes. In addition, the text takes a global approach, with examples ranging from Berlin and Chicago to Shanghai and Mumbai. The book is extensively illustrated with updated maps, charts, tables, and photographs. This new edition also includes a new section on urban planning as well as new chapters on cities as contested spaces, exploring power and politics in an urban context. It contains; information on the status of poor and marginalized groups and the impact of neoliberal policies; material on gender and sexuality; and presents a greater range of geographies with more attention to European, Latin American, and African cities. Revised and updated, Introduction to Cities provides a complete introduction to the history, evolution, and future of our modern cities.

目次

List of illustrations xi List of tables xvii List of boxes xviii About the authors xx Preface to the second edition xxi Acknowledgments xxii Walk-through tour xxiv Part I The Foundations 1 1 Cities as places and spaces 2 Cities as places 5 Exploring further 1.1 8 Identity, community, and security 10 Places as the site of our identity 10 Places as the site of community 11 Places as sites of security 13 Studying the city 1.1 14 Human beings make and remake places 15 Place and space 17 Studying the city 1.2 18 Making the city better 1.1 21 Cities shape the fates of human beings 22 Cities and people 24 2 Social theories of urban space and place: The early perspectives 26 The social and theoretical roots of modern urban theory 27 Studying the city 2.1 29 Ferdinand Toennies: Community and society 30 Georg Simmel: The metropolis and mental life 31 Toennies and Simmel: Further reflections 33 The Chicago School of Sociology 33 The city as social space 34 The city as concentric zones 36 The city, social change, and social order 38 Studying the city 2.2 40 Life in the city as a way of life 41 Making the city better 2.1 43 Early social theories of urban life 44 3 Social theories of urban space and place: Perspectives in the post-World War II era 47 Theoretical descendants of Marx 48 Manuel Castells and the urban question 48 David Harvey: Injustice and inequality in the city 49 John Logan and Harvey Molotch: The city as a growth machine 51 Making the city better 3.1 52 Making the city better 3.2 54 Further reflections: Marx and the critique of modern cities 55 The return to place and the turn to culture 56 Jane Jacobs and the discovery of community in the modern metropolis 56 Studying the city 3.1 57 Sharon Zukin and the turn to culture 59 Exploring further 3.1 61 Going global 64 The 1980s and the creation of the global city 64 Power, politics, and ordinary lives 67 Evaluating theories of the city 68 4 Methods and rules for the study of cities 71 First rules for doing a social science of cities 73 The rule of validity 73 The rule of reliability 75 Exploring further 4.1 76 Cities and the question of numbers 78 Studying the city 4.1 79 The city as a case study 79 The city as the typical case 81 The city as a prototypical case 83 Ethnographic and historical case studies 86 Ethnographic case studies 86 Studying the city 4.2 87 Historical case studies 89 From one to multiple cases 90 Studying the city 4.3 92 A last but very important rule on doing a good social science of cities: Fitting good theory to good methods 94 And what about insight? 95 Part II The Changing Metropolis 99 5 The metropolis and its expansion: Early insights and basic principles 100 Metropolitan growth: Basic features 102 Studying the city 5.1 104 The mobility of people and groups in the metropolis 105 Social differences and migration in the metropolis 106 Migration and the expansion of the metropolis 108 The metropolitan center and its links to the hinterlands 110 Studying the city 5.2 112 Human agents and social institutions in the expansion of the metropolis 112 Making the city better 5.1 115 Planning and metropolitan development 116 Exploring further 5.1 121 Urban growth, institutions, and human agents 124 6 The origins and development of suburbs 126 What is a suburb? Definitions and variations 128 Alternative suburban forms 130 A brief history of suburban development 132 The original suburbs 132 Culture and the demand for suburban living 134 Making the city better 6.1 135 Exploring further 6.1 136 Early suburban diversity 138 Transportation technologies and suburban expansion 138 Making the city better 6.2 140 The role of policy in suburban expansion 141 The mass production of US suburbs 144 Changes and challenges in contemporary suburbs 145 Privatization and gated communities 146 The varied fates of older suburbs 148 Suburbs as places 151 Studying the city 6.1 150 7 Changing metropolitan landscapes after World War II 154 Los Angeles: The prototype of the postwar metropolis 156 Exploring further 7.1 160 The changing metropolitan order 162 The decline of older industrial cities 162 The rise of the postindustrial/postmodern metropolitan regions 163 The importance of transportation, again 164 The remaking of places and spaces: The profound human and political consequences 165 Making the city better 7.1 167 The emerging global economy: A brief overview 168 Studying the city 7.1 172 People, place, and space in a global world 174 Part III Social Inequalities and Power in the Metropolis 179 8 The early metropolis as a place of inequality 180 Colonial cities as unequal places 182 Early urban diversity 184 Gender in the early metropolis 185 Cities of immigrants 187 Immigrant lives: New York's Five Points 187 Studying the city 8.1 191 The Five Points case in context 193 Early reform and intervention efforts 195 Making the American ghetto 196 Integrated beginnings 196 Making the city better 8.1 197 New neighbours, new tensions 198 The perpetuation and implications of black ghettos 199 Studying the city 8.2 200 Exploring further 8.1 201 The significance of urban diversity and inequality 203 9 Inequality and diversity in the post - World War II metropolis 206 Inequality and the metropolis 207 Poverty and race 207 Exploring further 9.1 209 Poverty and homelessness 210 Making the city better 9.1 212 Gentrification and the remaking of the metropolis 214 Exploring further 9.2 215 Social diversity and the transformed metropolis 218 The new immigration and the transformation of the metropolis 218 Europe 218 Studying the city 9.1 221 The United States and Canada 222 Reconstructing the contemporary metropolis 225 New ethnic enclaves 225 LGBT neighbourhoods 228 Studying the city 9.2 231 The Western metropolis in flux 232 10 Power, authority, and cities as contested spaces 236 States and markets 237 The changing global economy 238 Cities today as contested spaces 240 The nature of local governance and politics 241 Local authorities and marginalized peoples 243 African Americans and local authorities 244 The homeless and local authorities 245 The very poor and local authorities 246 Contesting mistreatment by local authorities: Resistance and aid 246 Making the city better 10.1 247 Exploring further 10.1 249 Major contests over deep meanings and spaces in the metropolis 250 Jerusalem: The quintessential contested city 250 The contested spaces of Berlin 252 Conclusion 254 Part IV The Metropolis in the Developing World 257 11 Urbanization and cities in developing countries 258 Urbanization: The basic path and its impact on place 259 Developing-country cities in historical perspective 261 Studying the city 11.1 262 The basic dimensions of urbanization 263 Urban hierarchy 264 Urban primacy 265 Over-urbanization versus under-urbanization 265 Studying the city 11.2 267 Natural increase and in-migration 268 From process and system to place 269 A profile with multiple wrinkles 269 Megacities as places: Opportunities and challenges 271 Size and density 271 Creating wealth and sustaining poverty 272 Exploring further 11.1 274 Making the city better 11.1 276 The developing megacity as a lived place 277 Making the city better 11.2 279 Governing the megacities 280 Studying the city 11.3 281 Reassessing the developing-country city 283 12 Cities in the global economy 286 Cities in a globalizing world: Theoretical background 287 Emerging cities in the global economy 288 Yiwu, China 288 Rajarhat, India 290 Further reflections on Yiwu 291 Re-emerging cities in the global economy 292 Berlin, Germany: A once-prosperous, then challenged, and now re-emerging local culture 292 Shanghai, China: Local change in a global renaissance city 294 Deeper into the global economy 297 Dongguan, China: A place transformed from a rural township into a global factory-city 297 Studying the city 12.1 300 Dubai, United Arab Emirates: From desert to urban miracle to mirage 301 Cities in a fully networked global economy 303 The regional dimension and mediation of cities 303 Becoming globally networked 305 Exploring further 12.1 306 Interdependence between cities and the global economy 308 Studying the city 12.2 309 Systematic constraint and individual flexibility 310 The global restructuring of cities 310 Making the city better 12.1 312 Part V Challenges of Today and The Metropolis of the Future 315 13 Urban environments and sustainability 316 Making use of nature 317 Natural attributes and urban development 317 Interpreting and manipulating nature 318 Studying the city 13.1 321 Inviting "disaster" 322 Why rebuild? 323 Urban environments 326 Local environmental concerns 327 Making the city better 13.1 329 Environment and inequality 329 Making the city better 13.2 331 Global environmental concerns 332 Urbanization's environmental impacts 333 Cities and climate change 333 Addressing environmental issues: Toward sustainability 336 Exploring further 13.1 337 14 The remaking and future of cities 341 Between place and space: Reinforcing a theoretical vision 342 Remaking cities at critical moments 344 The crisis of Detroit 344 The remaking of Detroit 345 Making the city better 14.1 346 Place-remaking on a larger scale 348 Daily place-remaking from below 349 Remaking neighbourhoods and communities 350 The remaking of Brooklyn, New York 350 From Detroit and New York to China and Shanghai - again 350 Studying the city 14.1 352 Remaking cities for the future 354 Scaling up and looking forward 354 The China and India scenarios and their wider implications 354 Cities of the future and the future of cities 358 Making the city better 14.2 359 A detour back to planning regarding its role in shaping future cities 360 The foundational attributes of future cities 361 Exploring further 14.1 364 A final look at the twenty-first-century city 365 Glossary 368 References 376 Index 393

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