CiNii 図書 - Plant physiological ecology

Growth, reproduction, and geographical distribution of plants are profoundly influenced by their physiological ecology: the interaction with the surrounding physical, chemical, and biological environments. This textbook highlights mechanisms that underlie plant physiological ecology at the levels of physiology, biochemistry, biophysics, and molecular biology. At the same time, the integrative power of physiological ecology is well suited to assess the costs, benefits, and consequences of modifying plants for human needs and to evaluate the role of plants in natural and managed ecosystems. Plant Physiological Ecology, Third Edition is significantly updated, with many full color illustrations, and begins with the primary processes of carbon metabolism and transport, plant water relations, and energy balance. After considering individual leaves and whole plants, these physiological processes are then scaled up to the level of the canopy. Subsequent chapters discuss mineral nutrition and the ways in which plants cope with nutrient-deficient or toxic soils. The book then looks at patterns of growth and allocation, life-history traits, and interactions between plants and other organisms. Later chapters deal with traits that affect decomposition of plant material and with the consequences of plant physiological ecology at ecosystem and global levels. Plant Physiological Ecology, Third Edition features several boxed entries that extend the discussions of selected issues, a glossary, and numerous references to the primary and review literature. This significant new text is suitable for use in plant ecology courses, as well as classes ranging from plant physiology to plant molecular biology.

1. ASSUMPTIONS AND APPROACHES Introduction-History, Assumptions, and Approaches 1 What is Ecophysiology? 2 The Roots of Ecophysiology 3 Physiological Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms 4 Time Scale of Plant Responses to Environment 5 Conceptual and Experimental Approaches 6 New Directions in Ecophysiology 7 The Structure of the Book References 2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, AND LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT 2A. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1 Introduction 2 General Characteristics of the Photosynthetic Apparatus 2.1 The 'Light' and 'Dark' Reactions of Photosynthesis 2.2 Supply and Demand of CO2 in the Photosynthetic Process 3 Response of Photosynthesis to Light 3.1 Characterization of the Light Climate under a Leaf Canopy 3.2 Physiological, Biochemical, and Anatomical Differences between Sun and Shade Leaves 3.3 Effects of Excess Irradiance 3.4 Responses to Variable Irradiance 4 Partitioning of the Products of Photosy nthesis and Regulation by 'Feedback' 4.1 Partitioning within the Cell 4.2 Regulation of the Rate of Photosynthesis by Feedback 4.3 Sugar-induced Repression of Genes Encoding for Calvin-cycle Enzymes 4.4 Ecological impacts Mediated by Source-Sink Interactions 4.5 Petiole and Stem Photosynthesis 5 Responses to Availability of Water 5.1 Regulation of Stomatal Opening 5.2 The A-Ci Curve as Affected by Water Stress 5.3 Carbon isotope Discrimination in Relation to Water-use Efficiency 5.4 Other sources of Variation in Carbon isotope ratios in C3 Plants 6 Effects of Nutrient Supply on Photosynthesis 6.1 The Photosynthesis-Nitrogen Relationship 6.2 Interactions of Nitrogen, Light and Water 6.3 Photosynthesis, Nitrogen, and Leaf Life Span 7 Photosynthesis and Leaf Temperature: Effects and Adaptations 7.1 Effects of High Temperatures on Photosynthesis 7.2 Effects of Low Temperatures on Photosynthesis 8 Effects of Air Pollutants on Photosynthesis 9 C4 Plants 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Biochemical and Anatomical Aspects 9.3 Intercellular and Intracellular Transport of Metabolites of the C4 Pathway 9.4 Photosynthetic Efficiency and Performance at High and Low Temperatures 9.5 C3-C4 Intermediates 9.6 Evolution and Distribution of C4 species 9.7 Carbon isotope Composition of C4 Species 9.8 Growth Rates of C4 Species 10 CAM Plants 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Physiological, Biochemical and Anatomical Aspects 10.3 Water-use Efficiency 10.4 Incomplete and facultative CAM Plants 10.5 Distribution and Evolution of CAM Species 10.6 Carbon isotope Composition of CAM Species 11 Specialized Mechanisms Associated with Photosynthetic Carbon Acquisition in aquatic Plants 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The CO2 Supply in Water 11.3 The Use of bicarbonate by aquatic Macrophytes 11.4 The Use of CO2 from the Sediment 11.5 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) in Water Plants 11.6 Variation in Carbon isotope Composition between Water Plants and between aquatic and Terrestrial Plants 11.7 The Role of aquatic Plants in Carbonate Sedimentation 12 Effects of the Rising CO2 Concentration in the Atmosphere 12.1 Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO2 Concentrations 12.2 Effects of Elevated CO2 on Transpiration - Differential Effects on C3, C4 and CAM Plants 13 Summary: What Can We Gain from Basic Principles and Rates of Single-Leaf Photosynthesis? References Box 2A.1: Mathematical Description of the CO2 Response and further Modeling of Photosynthesis Box 2A.2: Fractionation of Stable Carbon isotopes in Plants Box 2A.3: Carbon-fixation and Light-Absorption Profiles inside Leaves Box 2A.4: Chlorophyll fluorescence Box 2A.5: The Measurement of Gas Exchange 2B. RESPIRATION 1 Introduction 2 General Characteristics of the Respiratory System 2.1 The Respiratory Quotient 2.2 Glycolysis, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, and the Tricarboxylic (TCA) Cycle 2.3 Mitochondrial Metabolism 2.4 A Summary of the Major Points of Control of Plant Respiration 2.5 ATP Production in isolated Mitochondria and in vivo 2.6 Regulation of the Partitioning of Electrons between the Cytochrome and the Alternative Paths 3 The Ecophysiological Function of the Alternative Path 3.1 Heat Production 3.2 Can we really Measure the Activity of the Alternative Path? 3.3 The Alternative Path as an Energy Overflow 3.4 NADH Oxidation in the Presence of a High Energy Charge 3.5 NADH Oxidation to Oxidize Excess Redox Equivalents from the Chloroplasts 3.6 Continuation of Respiration when the Activity of the Cytochrome Path is Restricted 3.7 A Summary of the Various Ecophysiological Roles of the Alternative Oxidase 4 Environmental Effects on Respiratory Processes 4.1 Flooded, Hypoxic, and anoxic Soils 4.2 Salinity and Water Stress 4.3 Nutrient Supply 4.4 Irradiance 4.5 Temperature 4.6 Low pH and High Aluminum Concentrations 4.7 Partial Pressures of CO2 4.8 Effects of Nematodes and Plant Pathogens 4.9 Leaf Dark Respiration as Affected by Photosynthesis 5 The Role of Respiration in Plant Carbon Balance 5.1 Carbon Balance 5.2 Respiration Associated with Growth, Maintenance, and Ion Uptake 6 Plant Respiration: Why Should it Concern Us from an Ecological Point of View? References Box 2B.1 Measuring Oxygen-isotope fractionation in Respiration 2C. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF ASSIMILATES 1 Introduction 2 The Major Transport Compounds in the Phloem: why not Glucose? 3 Phloem Structure and Function 3.1 Symplastic and Apoplastic Transport 3.2 Minor Vein Anatomy 3.3 Phloem-Loading Mechanisms 3.4 Variation in Transport Capacity 4 Evolution and Ecology of Phloem Loading Mechanisms 5 Phloem Unloading 6 The Transport Problems of Climbing Plants 7 Phloem Transport: Where to Move from here? References 3. PLANT WATER RELATIONS 1 Introduction 1.1 The Role of Water in Plant Functioning 1.2 Transpiration as an Inevitable Consequence of Photosynthesis 2 Water Potential 3 Water Availability in Soil 3.1 The field Capacity of Different Soils 3.2 Water Movement toward the Roots 3.3 Rooting Profiles as Dependent on Soil Moisture Content 3.4 Roots Sense Moisture Gradients and Grow toward Moist Patches 4 Water Relations of Cells 4.1 Osmotic Adjustment 4.2 Cell-Wall Elasticity 4.3 Osmotic and Elastic Adjustment as Alternative Strategies 4.4 Evolutionary Aspects 5 Water Movement through Plants 5.1 The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum 5.2 Water in Roots 5.3 Water in Stems 5.4 Water in Leaves and Water Loss from Leaves 5.5 Aquatic Angiosperms 6 Water-use Efficiency 6.1 Water-use efficiency and carbon-isotope discrimination 6.2 Leaf Traits That Affect Leaf Temperature and Leaf Water Loss 7 Water Availability and Growth 8 Adaptations to Drought 8.1 Desiccation-Avoidance: Annuals, Drought-Deciduous Species 8.2 Desiccation-Tolerance: Evergreen Shrubs 8.3 'Resurrection Plants' 9 Winter Water Relations and Freezing Tolerance 10 Salt Tolerance 11 Final Remarks: The Message that Transpires References Box 3.1: The Water Potential of Osmotic Solutes and of the Air Box 3.2: Positive and Negative Hydrostatic Pressures Box 3.3: Oxygen and Hydrogen Stable isotopes Box 3.4: Methods to Measure sap Flow in Intact Plants 4. PLANT ENERGY BUDGETS: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 4A. THE PLANT'S ENERGY BALANCE 1 Introduction 2 Energy inputs and outputs 2.1 A Short Overview of a Leaf's Energy Balance 2.2 Short-wave Solar Radiation 2.3 Long-wave Terrestrial Radiation 2.4 Convective Heat Transfer 2.5 Evaporative Energy Exchange 2.6 Metabolic Heat Generation 3 Modeling the Effect of Components of the Energy Balance on Leaf Temperature 4. A Global Perspective of Hot and Cool topics References 4B. EFFECTS OF RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE LEVEL 1 Introduction 2 Radiation 2.1 Effects of Excess Irradiance 2.2 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation 3 Effects of Extreme Temperatures 3.1 How Do Plants Avoid Damage by Free Radicals at Low Temperature? 3.2 Heat-shock Proteins 3.3 Are isoprene and Monoterpene Emissions an Adaptation to High Temperatures? 3.4 Chilling Injury and Chilling Tolerance 3.5 Carbohydrates and Proteins Conferring Frost Tolerance 4 Global Change and Future Crops References 5. SCALING-UP GAS EXCHANGE AND ENERGY BALANCE FROM THE LEAF TO THE CANOPY LEVEL 1 Introduction 2 Canopy Water Loss 3 Canopy CO2 Fluxes 4 Canopy Water-Use Efficiency 5 Canopy Effects on Microclimate: a Case Study 6 Aiming for a Higher Level References Box 5.1: Optimization of Nitrogen Allocation to Leaves in Plants Growing in Dense Canopies 6. MINERAL NUTRITION 1 Introduction 2 Acquisition of Nutrients 2.1 Nutrients in the Soil 2.2 Root Traits that Determine Nutrient Acquisition 2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters Involved in Phosphate Acquisition 3 Nutrient Acquisition from 'Toxic' or 'Extreme' Soils 3.1 Acid Soils 3.2 Calcareous Soils 3.3 Soils with High Levels of Heavy Metals 3.4 Saline Soils: an Ever-increasing Problem in Agriculture 3.5 Flooded Soils 4 Plant Nutrient-use Efficiency 4.1 Variation in Nutrient Concentration 4.3 Nutrient Loss from Plants 4.4 Ecosystem Nutrient-use Efficiency 5 Mineral Nutrition: as vast Array of Adaptations and Acclimations References Box 6.1: Phosphorus Fractions in Leaves and Photosynthetic Phosphorus-Use Efficiency) 7. GROWTH AND ALLOCATION 1 Introduction: What is Growth? 2 Growth of Whole Plants and of Individual Organs 2.1 Growth of Whole Plants 2.2 Growth of Cells 3 The Physiological Basis of Variation in RGR - Plants Grown with Free Access to Nutrients 3.1 SLA is a Major factor Associated with Variation in RGR 3.2 Leaf thickness and Leaf Mass Density 3.3 Anatomical and Chemical Differences Associated with Leaf-mass Density 3.4 Net Assimilation Rate, Photosynthesis, and Respiration 3.5 RGR and the Rate of Leaf Elongation and Leaf Appearance 3.6 RGR and Activities per Unit Mass 3.7 RGR and Suites of Plant Traits 4 Allocation to Storage 4.1 The Concept of Storage 4.2 Chemical Forms of Stores 4.3 Storage and Remobilization in Annuals 4.4 The Storage Strategy of biennials 4.5 Storage in Perennials 4.6 Costs of Growth and Storage: Optimization 5 Environmental Influences 5.1 Growth as Affected by Irradiance 5.2 Growth as Affected by Temperature 5.3 Growth as Affected by Soil Water Potential and Salinity 5.4 Growth at a Limiting Nutrient Supply 5.5 Plant Growth as Affected by Soil Compaction 5.6 Growth as Affected by Soil Flooding 5.7 Growth as Affected by Submergence 5.8 Growth as Affected by Touch and wind 5.9 Growth as Affected by Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations 6 Adaptations Associated with Inherent Variation on Growth Rate 6.1 Fast-growing and Slow-growing Species 6.2 Growth of Inherently Fast- and Slow-growing Species under Resource-limited Conditions 6.3 Are there Ecological Advantages Associated with a High or Low RGR? 7 Growth and Allocation: the Message about Plant Messages References Box 7.1: Phytohormones Box 7.2: Phytochrome 8. LIFE CYCLES: ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND ADAPTATIONS 1 Introduction 2 Seed Dormancy, Quiescence, and Germination 2.1 Hard Seed Coats 2.2 Germination Inhibitors in the Seed 2.3 Effects of Nitrate 2.4 Other External Chemical signals 2.5 Effects of Light 2.6 Effects of Temperature 2.7 Physiological Aspects of Dormancy 2.8 Summary of Ecological Aspects of Seed Dormancy and Germination 3 Developmental Phases 3.1 Seedling Phase 3.2 Juvenile Phase 3.3 Reproductive Phase 3.4 Fruiting 3.5 Senescence 4 Seed Dispersal 4.1 Dispersal Mechanisms 4.2 Life-history Correlates 5 The Message to Disperse: Perception, Transduction and Response References 9. BIOTIC INFLUENCES 9A. SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS 1 Introduction 2 Mycorrhizas 2.1 Mycorrhizal Structures: Are they Beneficial for Plant Growth? 2.3 Phosphate Relations 2.4 Effects on Nitrogen Nutrition Water Acquisition 2.5 Role of Mycorrhizas in Defense 2.6 Carbon Costs of the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 2.7 Agricultural and Ecological Perspectives 3 Associations with Nitrogen-fixing Organisms 3.1 Symbiotic N2 Fixation is Restricted to a fairly Limited number of Plant Species 3.2 Host-guest Specificity in the Legume-rhizobium Symbiosis 3.3 The Infection Process in the Legume-rhizobium Association 3.4 Nitrogenase Activity and Synthesis of Organic Nitrogen 3.5 Carbon and Energy Metabolism of the Nodules 3.6 Quantification of N2 Fixation in situ 3.7 Ecological Aspects of the Symbiotic Association with N2 Fixing Microorganisms that do not Involve Specialized Structures 3.8 Carbon Costs of the Legume-rhizobium Symbiosis 3.9 Suppression of the Legume-rhizobium Symbiosis at Low pH and in the Presence of a large Supply of Combined Nitrogen 4 Endosymbionts 5 Plant Life among Microsymbionts References 9B. ECOLOGICAL BIOCHEMISTRY: ALLELOPATHY AND DEFENSE AGAINST HERBIVORES 1 Introduction 2 Allelopathy (interference Competition) 3 Chemical Defense Mechanisms 3.1 Defense against herbivores 3.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Defense Compounds 3.3 The Arms race of Plants and herbivores 3.4 How Do Plants Avoid being Killed by their own Poisons? 3.5 Secondary Metabolites for Medicines and Crop Protection 4 Environmental Effects on the Production of Secondary Plant Metabolites 4.1 Abiotic factors 4.2 Induced Defense and Communication between Neighboring Plants 4.3 Communication between Plants and their Bodyguards 5 The Costs of Chemical Defense 5.1 Diversion of Resources from Primary Growth 5.2 Strategies of Predators 5.3 Mutualistic Associations with ants 6 Detoxification of Xenobiotics by Plants: Phytoremediation 7 Secondary Chemicals and Messages that Emerge from this Chapter References 9C. EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENS 1. Introduction 2 Constitutive Antimicrobial Defense Compounds 3 The Plant's Response to Attack by Microorganisms 4 Cross-talk between Induced Systemic Resistance and Defense against herbivores 5 Messages from One Organism to Another References 9D. PARASITIC ASSOCIATIONS 1 Introduction 2 Growth and Development 2.1 Seed Germination 2.2 Haustoria Formation 2.3 Effects of the Parasite on Host Development 3 Water Relations and Mineral Nutrition 4 Carbon Relations 5 What Can We Extract from this Chapter? References 9E. INTERACTIONS AMONG PLANTS 1 Introduction 2 Theories of Competitive Mechanisms 3 How Do Plants Perceive the Presence of Neighbors? 4 Relationship of Plant Traits to Competitive ability 4.1 Growth Rate and Tissue Turnover 4.2 Allocation Pattern, Growth Form and Tissue Mass Density 4.3 Plasticity 5 Traits Associated with Competition for Specific Resources 5.1 Nutrients 5.2 Water 5.3 Light 5.4 Carbon Dioxide 6 Positive Interactions among Plants 6.1 Physical benefits 6.2 Nutritional benefits 6.3 Allelochemical benefits 7 Plant-microbial Symbiosis 8 Succession and Long-term Ecosystem Development 9 What Do We Gain from this Chapter? Box 9E.1: Plant Ecology Strategy Schemes References 9F. CARNIVORY 1. Introduction 2. Structures Associated with the Catching of the Prey and Subsequent Withdrawal of Nutrients from the Prey 3. Some Case Studies 3.1 Dionaea muscipula 3.2 The Suction Traps of Utricularia 3.3 The Tentacles of Drosera 3.4 Pitchers of Sarracenia 3.5 Passive Traps of Philcoxia 4. The Message to Catch References 10. ROLE IN ECOSYSTEM AND GLOBAL PROCESSES 10A. DECOMPOSITION 1 Introduction 2 Litter Quality and Decomposition Rate 2.1 Species Effects on Litter Quality: Links with Ecological Strategy 2.2 Environmental Effects on Decomposition 3 The Link between Decomposition Rate and Nutrient Supply 3.1 The Process of Nutrient Release 3.2 Effects of Litter Quality on Mineralization 3.3 Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Effects 4 The End-product of Decomposition References 10B. ECOSYSTEM AND GLOBAL PROCESSES: ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROLS 1 Introduction 2 Ecosystem Biomass and Production 2.1 Scaling from Plants to Ecosystems 2.2 Physiological Basis of Productivity 2.3 Disturbance and Succession 2.4 Photosynthesis and Absorbed Radiation 2.5 Net Carbon Balance of Ecosystems 2.6 The Global Carbon Cycle 3 Nutrient Cycling 3.1 Vegetation Controls over Nutrient Uptake and Loss 3.2 Vegetation Controls over Mineralization 4 Ecosystem Energy Exchange and the Hydrological Cycle 4.1 Vegetation Effects on Energy Exchange 4.2 Vegetation Effects on the Hydrological Cycle 5 Moving to a Higher Level: Scaling from Physiology to the Globe References GLOSSARY SUBJECT INDEX

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Plant physiological ecology

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