Biobased packaging : material, environmental and economic aspects

著者

• Sapuan, S. M.
• Ilyas, Rushdan Ahmad

書誌事項

Biobased packaging : material, environmental and economic aspects

edited by S.M. Sapuan, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, R.A. Ilyas, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

（Wiley series in renewable resources）

Wiley, 2020

First edition

注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

Includes index

Summary: "This book focuses on biobased packaging materials as potential green materials to address environmental pollution from non-biodegradable packaging materials and reduce the dependency on petroleum-based packaging plastics for better sustainability. Divided into three sections, this book provides comprehensive coverage of biobased packaging materials. The first section of the book covers development and characterization, discussing different biobased materials, their preparation techniques and functional properties. Part two addresses environmental considerations surrounding the use of biobased packaging; while the third section considers the current market opportunities and challenges of biobased packaging materials as well as future market prospects. Topics covered include: Starch-based and protein-based packaging materials Chitin/chitosan based films for packaging applications ・Pectin based edible films for food packaging Nanocellulose composite films ・Poly(lactic) acid modified films and polyhy

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Bio-Based Packaging Bio-Based Packaging An authoritative and up-to-date review of sustainable packaging development and applications Bio-Based Packaging explores using renewable and biodegradable materials as sustainable alternatives to non-renewable, petroleum-based packaging. This comprehensive volume surveys the properties of biopolymers, the environmental and economic impact of bio-based packaging, and new and emerging technologies that are increasing the number of potential applications of green materials in the packaging industry. Contributions address the advantages and challenges of bio-based packaging, discuss new materials to be used for food packaging, and highlight cutting-edge research on polymers such as starch, protein, polylactic acid (PLA), pectin, nanocellulose, and their nanocomposites. In-depth yet accessible chapters provide balanced coverage of a broad range of practical topics, including life cycle assessment (LCA) of bio-based packaging products, consumer perceptions and preferences, supply chains, business strategies and markets in biodegradable food packaging, manufacturing of bio-based packaging materials, and regulations for food packaging materials. Detailed discussions provide valuable insight into the opportunities for biopolymers in end-use sectors, the barriers to biopolymer-based concepts in the packaging market, recent advances made in the field of biopolymeric composite materials, the future of bio-plastics in commercial food packaging, and more. This book: Provides deep coverage of the bio-based packaging development, characterization, regulations and environmental and socio-economic impact Contains real-world case studies of bio-based packaging applications Includes an overview of recent advances and emerging aspects of nanotechnology for development of sustainable composites for packaging Discusses renewable sources for packaging material and the reuse and recycling of bio-based packaging products Bio-Based Packaging is essential reading for academics, researchers, and industry professionals working in packaging materials, renewable resources, sustainability, polymerization technology, food technology, material engineering, and related fields. For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs

目次

• List of Contributors xix Series Preface xxvii Preface xxix 1 Starch-Based Packaging Materials 1 Ying Chen, Kai Lu, Hongsheng Liu, and Long Yu 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Macrostructures and Phase Transitions of Starch 2 1.2.1 Microstructures of Starch Granules 2 1.2.2 Phase Transition During Thermal Processing 3 1.3 Extrusion Processing for Starch 5 1.3.1 Phase Transition During Extrusion 5 1.3.2 Rheological Behaviors of Starch-Based Materials 6 1.4 Improving Mechanical Properties by Reinforcement 7 1.4.1 Reinforcement by Natural Fillers 7 1.4.2 Starch-Based Nanocomposites 9 1.4.3 Self-Reinforced Composites 11 1.4.4 Blending with Other Natural Polymers 12 1.4.5 Functionalized Composites 14 1.5 Reducing Moisture Sensitivity by Coating 15 1.6 Applications in Packaging 16 1.7 Summary and Future Work 17 Acknowledgments 19 References 19 2 Protein-Based Materials for Packaging Applications 27 V. G. Martins, V. P. Romani, P. C. Martins, and D. Nogueira 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Proteins 28 2.3 Protein Films for Food Packaging 29 2.4 Film Production Processes 32 2.5 Characterization of Films 34 2.5.1 Mechanical Properties 34 2.5.2 Barrier Properties 35 2.5.3 Structural Properties 36 2.5.4 Thermal and Optical Properties 37 2.5.5 Biodegradability of Polymers 37 2.6 Protein Films Application 38 2.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives 41 2.8 Conclusions 43 References 43 3 Protein-Based Biodegradable Polymer: From Sources to Innovative Sustainable Materials for Packaging Applications 51 Huafeng Tian, Yunxuan Weng, Rakesh Kumar, Priya Rani, and Gaiping Guo 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Forms of Packaging Materials 52 3.3 Commercially Available Proteinous Material for Packaging 52 3.4 Preparation Methods for Protein-Based Materials for Different Packaging Applications 53 3.5 Properties of Protein-Based Packaging Materials 54 3.5.1 Mechanical Properties 54 3.5.2 Moisture Resistance 56 3.5.3 Barrier Properties 56 3.5.4 Biodegradability 57 3.5.5 Antimicrobial Properties 58 3.6 Nanomaterials Incorporated Protein-Based Packaging Materials 58 3.6.1 Protein/Inorganic Filler Nanocomposites 58 3.6.2 Protein/Organic Filler Nanocomposites 60 3.7 Protein-Based Blends as Packaging Materials 61 3.7.1 Protein/Natural Polymer Blends 61 3.7.2 Protein/Synthetic Biopolymeric Blends 62 3.8 Conclusions 63 References 63 4 Chitin/Chitosan Based Films for Packaging Applications 69 J.M. Moura, B.S. Farias, T.R.S. Cadaval, and L.A.A. Pinto 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Chitin and Chitosan 70 4.3 Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Chitosan-Based Films 72 4.3.1 Mechanical and Barrier Properties 72 4.3.2 Antimicrobial Properties 78 4.3.3 Antioxidant Characteristics 79 4.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 80 References 81 5 Perspectives for Chitin/Chitosan Based Films as Active Packaging Systems on a Food Product 85 Ewelina Jamroz, Piotr Kulawik, and Fatih OEzogul 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 The Effect of the Incorporation of Chitosan on the Properties of Films 86 5.3 Blends of Chitosan and Other Biopolymers 88 5.4 Characterization of Chitosan Films with Nanofillers 89 5.5 Preparation of Chitosan Films with Active Compounds 92 5.6 Chitosan-Based Films as Packaging Material Systems 93 5.7 Conclusions 98 References 99 6 Pectin-Based Bionanocomposite Coating for Food Packaging Applications 105 Dr. M. Vishnuvarthanan 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Polymers in Food Packaging 106 6.3 Surface Modification of Polymers 106 6.4 Antimicrobial Packaging 106 6.5 Biopolymers 106 6.6 Pectin 107 6.7 Bionanocomposites 107 6.8 Nanoclay 107 6.9 Silver Nanoparticles 107 6.10 Pectin-Based Bionanocomposite Coating 108 6.10.1 Preparation and Coating of Pectin-Based Bionanocomposite 108 6.10.2 Tensile Strength 109 6.10.3 Oxygen Transmission Rate 110 6.10.4 Water Vapor Transmission Rate 111 6.10.5 Surface Color and Opacity 112 6.10.6 Contact Angle Analysis 113 6.10.7 Coating Adhesion Strength 114 6.10.8 Antimicrobial Properties 115 6.11 Conclusions 116 References 116 7 Nanocomposite: Potential Nanofiller for Food Packaging Applications 119 Rafeeya Shams, Qurat ul eain Hyder Rizvi, Aamir Hussain Dar, Ishrat Majid, and Shafat Khan 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Nanofillers 120 7.2.1 Nanoclays 121 7.2.2 Silica (SiO2) 122 7.2.3 Silver 122 7.2.4 Gold 123 7.2.5 Metal Oxide 123 7.2.6 Zinc Oxide 123 7.2.7 Titanium Dioxide 124 7.2.8 Copper Oxide 124 7.2.9 Chitosan Nanostructures 124 7.2.10 Carbon Nanotubes 125 7.3 Nanocomposites in Active Packaging 125 7.4 Nanocomposites in Intelligent Packaging 126 7.5 Nanomaterial Migration into the Food Matrix 126 7.6 Commercial Aspects of Food Packaging 127 7.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 127 References 128 8 Nanocellulose Reinforced Polypropylene and Polyethylene Composite for Packaging Application 133 Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas, Mohd Idham Hakimi, Syed Umar Faruq Syed Najmuddin, and Mohd Azwan Jenol 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Plastic Packaging 135 8.3 Nanocellulose 136 8.4 Polypropylene and Polyethylene Nanocellulose Composites 137 8.5 Compatibility Between Nanocellulose with Polyethylene and Polypropylene Matrices 137 8.6 Processing Method of PP- and PE-Nanocellulose Composites 139 8.6.1 Solvent Casting 140 8.6.2 Melt Compounding 140 8.6.3 Injection and Compression Molding 141 8.6.4 One-Pot 141 8.7 Factors Influencing the Performance of the PP- and PE-Nanocellulose Composites 142 8.7.1 Drying Effect of Nanocellulose 143 8.7.2 Chemical Composition of Nanocellulose 143 8.8 Characteristics of the PP- and PE- Nanocellulose Composites 143 8.9 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 146 References 146 9 Green Food Packaging from Nanocellulose-Based Composite Materials 151 Abdel Rehim M.H. 9.1 Introduction 151 9.2 Synthesis of Cellulose Nanostructures 152 9.3 Modification of Nanocellulose 153 9.4 Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 154 9.5 Active Packaging Material 156 9.6 Nanocellulose in Smart Packaging 157 9.7 Future Trends and Conclusions 158 References 159 10 Nanocellulose Polylactide-Based Composite Films for Packaging Applications 165 Dogan Arslan, Emre Vatansever, and Mohammadreza Nofar 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2 Polylactide 167 10.3 Nanocellulose Classification 168 10.4 PLA/Nanocellulose Nanocomposites 171 10.4.1 Processing 171 10.4.2 Mechanical Properties 173 10.4.3 Crystallization Behavior 179 10.4.4 Barrier Properties 181 10.4.5 Applications 184 10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 184 References 185 11 Nanocellulose Composite Films for Packaging Applications 193 Latifah Jasmani, Sharmiza Adnan, Z.M.A. Ainun, S.M. Sapuan, and R.A. Ilyas 11.1 Introduction 193 11.2 Preparation of Nanocellulose 194 11.2.1 Nanocrystalline Cellulose 195 11.2.2 Nanofibrillated Cellulose 196 11.2.3 Bacterial Cellulose 196 11.3 Nanocellulose Barrier Property 196 11.4 Nanocellulose in Films 197 11.4.1 Extrusion of Nanocellulose Composite 197 11.4.2 Casting of Nanocellulose Films 198 11.4.3 Filtration of Nanocellulose Composite 199 11.4.4 Coating 200 11.5 Nanocellulose Film in Packaging 200 11.5.1 Food and Beverage Industry 201 11.5.2 Medicine and Pharmaceuticals 201 11.6 Conclusion 202 References 202 12 Utilization of Rice Straw as a Raw Material for Food Packaging 205 Rushdan Ibrahim, S.M Sapuan, R.A Ilyas, and M.S.N. Atikah 12.1 Introduction 205 12.2 Selling Rice Straw 206 12.3 Selling Pulp 207 12.4 Selling Pulp Molded Products 211 12.5 Selling Paper 214 12.6 Cost of Commercialization of Products from Rice Straw 218 12.7 Conclusions 220 References 222 13 Sustainable Paper-Based Packaging 225 Latifah Jasmani, Z.M.A. Ainun, Sharmiza Adnan, Rushdan Ibrahim, S.M. Sapuan, and R.A. Ilyas 13.1 Introduction 225 13.2 Types of Raw Material for Paper-Based Packaging 227 13.2.1 Source of Fiber 227 13.2.2 Types of Pulp 230 13.2.2.1 Chemical Pulp 230 13.2.2.2 Mechanical Pulp 231 13.2.2.3 Recovered Paper 231 13.2.2.4 Non-fiber Material 232 13.3 Papermaking 232 13.4 Types of Paper-Based Packaging 232 13.4.1 Boxes 234 13.4.1.1 Folding Cartons 234 13.4.1.2 Rigid Boxes 234 13.4.1.3 Corrugated Boxes 235 13.4.1.4 Molded Pulp Containers 235 13.4.2 Paper Sheet 235 13.4.2.1 Greaseproof Paper 235 13.4.2.2 Glassine Paper 236 13.4.2.3 Vegetable Parchment 237 13.4.2.4 Waxed Paper 238 13.4.2.5 Decorative Paper 239 13.4.3 Using Types of Paper-Based Packaging 239 13.4.3.1 Food and Beverages Industries 239 13.4.3.2 Transportation Industries 240 13.5 Packaging Requirement for Paper-Based Packaging 242 13.5.1 Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Paper 242 13.5.2 Other Requirements 242 References 243 14 Properties and Food Packaging Application of Poly-(Lactic) Acid 245 N.H Sari, S. Suteja, S.M Sapuan, and R.A Ilyas 14.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 245 14.2 Properties of PLA 246 14.2.1 Melt and Transition Temperature 246 14.2.2 Crystallinity 247 14.3 Mechanical 250 14.3.1 Physical 251 14.3.2 Thermal Properties 253 14.3.3 Optical 254 14.3.4 Flame Retardancy 254 14.3.5 Water Resistance 255 14.3.6 Grease Permeability 256 14.3.7 Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) 256 14.3.8 Biodegradation Properties as a Packaging 256 14.4 Food Packaging Application of PLA 257 14.5 Conclusions 260 References 260 15 Poly(Lactic) Acid Modified Films for Packaging Applications 265 Jissy Jacob, Sabu Thomas, and Sravanthi Loganathan 15.1 Introduction 265 15.2 Biopolymers 266 15.2.1 Classification of Biopolymers 267 15.2.2 Poly(Lactic) Acid (PLA) 267 15.3 Modified PLA Films 267 15.3.1 PLA/Clay Composites 267 15.3.2 PLA/Carbonaceous Composites 270 15.3.3 PLA/Bio Filler Composites 271 15.3.4 PLA-Mesoporous Silica Composites 274 15.4 Conclusions 275 References 276 16 Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Packaging Application 279 Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas, Mohd Azwan Jenol, Nur Amira Mamat Razali, Mohd Idham Hakimi, Nur Farisha Abd Rahim, and Syed Umar Faruq Syed Najmuddin 16.1 Introduction 279 16.2 Biopolymers 281 16.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 282 16.3.1 Characteristic of PHAs 282 16.3.2 Biodegradability and Enzymatic Degradability of PHAs 284 16.3.3 Application of PHAs 284 16.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Composites for Packaging Applications 286 16.5 Chemical Recycling of PHAs 287 16.5.1 Pyrolysis of PHAs 287 16.5.2 Application of Crotonic Acid, 2-Pentenoic Acid, and its Derivatives 288 16.6 Future Direction and Recommendations 289 References 290 17 Manufacturing of Biobased Packaging Materials 295 Min Min Aung, Hiroshi Uyama, Marwah Rayung, Lu Lu Taung Mai, Moe Tin Khaing, S.M. Sapuan, and R.A. Ilyas 17.1 Introduction 295 17.2 Bio-Based Packaging Materials 296 17.3 Food Packaging Materials 297 17.3.1 Biomass Plastic in Food Packaging 298 17.3.1.1 Eucommia Elastomer 300 17.3.1.2 Biopolyurethane Using Vegetable Oils 302 17.4 Properties of Bio-Based Packaging Materials 305 17.4.1 Biodegradable Plastic 305 17.4.2 Biodegradable Polyester Composite 309 17.5 Manufacturing Food Applications 312 17.6 Food Industry and Bio-Based Materials Demand 314 17.7 Conclusions and Remarks 315 Acknowledgments 316 References 316 18 Bioplastics: An Introduction to the Role of Eco-Friendly Alternative Plastics in Sustainable Packaging 319 Usman Lawal and Ravi Babu Valapa 18.1 Introduction 319 18.2 Important Biopolymers for Food Packaging 321 18.2.1 Starch 322 18.2.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 322 18.2.3 Cellulose 323 18.2.4 Chitosan 323 18.2.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 324 18.3 Important Properties of Biopolymers for Food Packaging Applications 325 18.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Biopolymers 325 18.3.2 Barrier Property 325 18.3.3 Antimicrobial Properties 327 18.3.4 Optical Properties 328 18.3.5 Combination with Plasticizers 328 18.4 Biopolymers and the Future of Food Packaging 329 18.5 Conclusions 330 Acknowledgment 330 References 330 19 Bioplastics: The Future of Sustainable Biodegradable Food Packaging 335 S. Ayu Rafiqah, A Khalina, Khairul Zaman, ISMA Tawakkal, A.S Harmaen, and N Mohd Nurrazi 19.1 Introduction 335 19.2 Types of Plastic for Food Packaging 336 19.2.1 Biopolymer 337 19.2.2 Biodegradable Polymer - Polybutylene Succinate 338 19.2.3 Biodegradable Polymer - Polylactic Acid 340 19.3 Food Packaging 341 19.3.1 Starch-Based Bioplastic Packaging 343 19.3.2 Oxygen Transmission Rate 344 19.3.3 Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) 345 19.4 Active Food Packaging 346 19.4.1 Antimicrobial Food Packaging 347 References 348 20 Renewable Sources for Packaging Materials 353 R.A Ilyas, S.M Sapuan, H.A Aisyah, Rushdan Ibrahim, M.S.N. Atikah, H.N. Salwa, Min Min Aung, S.O.A. SaifulAzry, L.N. Megashah, and Z.M.A. Ainun 20.1 Introduction 354 20.2 Packaging Materials from Bio-based Materials 355 20.3 Development of Bio-based Packages 356 20.3.1 Polycarbonates from Sugars and Carbon Dioxide 356 20.3.2 Chitosan 359 20.3.3 Plant Cell Wall Biopolymers 359 20.3.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 359 20.3.5 Polylactic Acid 359 20.3.6 Starch 360 20.3.7 Protein 360 20.3.8 Chitin and Chitosan 360 20.4 Decomposition of Biodegradable Plastics 361 20.5 Renewable Energy Production Using Biobased Packaging Waste 363 20.6 Cost of Bio-based Materials 363 20.7 Life Cycle Assessment 364 20.8 Social Consumption Behavior 364 20.9 Conclusions 365 Acknowledgment 365 References 365 21 Environmental Advantages and Challenges of Bio-Based Packaging Materials 371 R.A Ilyas, S.M. Sapuan, Rushdan Ibrahim, M.S.N. Atikah, M.R.M. Asyraf, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, S.O.A. SaifulAzry, and Z.M.A. Ainun 21.1 Introduction 372 21.2 Advantages of Bio-Based Packaging Materials 373 21.2.1 Reduction of Waste 373 21.2.2 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emission 373 21.2.3 Rapid Decomposition 373 21.2.4 Sustainability 374 21.2.5 New Marketing Opportunities and Export Industries 374 21.3 Challenges of Bio-Based Packaging Materials 375 21.3.1 Inappropriate Regulations 375 21.3.2 Lack of Composting Facilities 375 21.3.3 Manufacturing Costs 376 21.4 Conclusions 377 References 377 22 Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-Based Packaging Products 381 H.N. Salwa, S.M. Sapuan, M.T. Mastura, M.Y.M Zuhri, and R.A. Ilyas 22.1 Packaging: Function and Materials 381 22.1.1 Bio-Based Materials for Packaging Applications 383 22.1.2 Packaging Product Life Cycle 385 22.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 390 22.2.1 Background of LCA 390 22.2.2 LCA Approaches 391 22.3 LCA Goal and Scope (Definition of a Functional Unit and System Boundary) 392 22.3.1 Functional Unit (FU) 392 22.3.2 System Boundary 393 22.4 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 396 22.5 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 398 22.6 Life Cycle Results Interpretation 402 22.7 Conclusions 407 Acknowledgments 408 References 408 23 Reuse and Recycle of Biobased Packaging Products 413 R.A. Ilyas, S.M. Sapuan, F.A. Sabaruddin, M.S.N. Atikah, Rushdan Ibrahim, M.R.M. Asyraf, M.R.M. Huzaifah, S.O.A. SaifulAzry, and Z.M.A. Ainun 23.1 Introduction 413 23.2 Waste Management Efficiency for Bioplastics 417 23.3 Prevention and Reduction 418 23.4 Reuse Bio-Based Products 418 23.5 Packaging Material Recycling 418 23.6 Mechanical Recycling Process 421 23.7 Organic Recycling or Composting 421 23.8 Impact of Aging and Recycling on the Quality of Plastic Materials 421 23.9 Conclusions 422 References 423 24 Socioeconomic Impact of Bio-Based Packaging Bags 427 M. Chandrasekar, T. Senthil Muthu Kumar, K. Senthilkumar, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas, M.R. Ishak, R.M. Shahroze, and Suchart Siengchin 24.1 Introduction 427 24.2 Socioeconomic Factors Influencing the Bioplastic-Based Packaging Materials 428 24.2.1 Interest from the Investors 428 24.2.1.1 Market Projection on the Production of Bioplastic Materials 429 24.2.2 Commercial Producers of Bio-Based Packaging Materials and Scope of Application 430 24.2.3 Policy Making and Support from the Government 431 24.2.4 Consumer Perception and Acceptance by Consumers (According to Countries) 432 24.2.5 Challenges for Bioplastics in Packaging Applications 432 24.2.5.1 Material Performance 432 24.2.5.2 Recycling 432 24.3 Future Scope 433 24.4 Conclusion 434 References 434 25 The Assessment of Supply Chains, Business Strategies, and Markets in Biodegradable Food Packaging 437 K. Norfaryanti, Z.M.A. Ainun, and S. Zaiton 25.1 The Context of Bio-Packaging 437 25.2 Types of Biodegradable Food Packaging and Its Characteristics 438 25.2.1 Active Packaging 439 25.2.2 Intelligent Packaging 439 25.2.3 Biodegradable Packaging 440 25.3 Biodegradable Food Packaging Supply/Value Chain 440 25.4 Business Strategies and Market Assessment 442 25.4.1 Strategy and Market Projection 443 25.4.2 Biodegradable Food Packaging Trends 447 25.5 Conclusion 448 Acknowledgments 448 References 448 26 The Market for Bio-Based Packaging: Consumers' Perceptions and Preferences Regarding Bio-Based Packaging 453 Carsten Herbes 26.1 Introduction: The Need for Bio-Based Packaging 453 26.2 Bio-Based Packaging: An Overview 455 26.3 Consumer Perception of Bio-Based Plastics 456 26.4 Consumer Perception of Bio-Based Packaging 458 26.5 Consumer Identification of Bio-Based Packaging 460 26.6 Industry Perspectives 460 26.7 Conclusion: Problems and Potential Solutions 460 References 462 27 Regulations for Food Packaging Materials 467 R.A Ilyas, S.M Sapuan, L.N. Megashah, Rushdan. Ibrahim, M.S.N. Atikah, Z.M.A. Ainun, Min Min Aung, S.O.A. SaifulAzry, and C.H. Lee 27.1 Introduction 468 27.2 Asia 470 27.2.1 Malaysia 470 27.2.2 Japan 472 27.2.3 China 473 27.2.4 India 474 27.3 Europe 475 27.4 North America and South America 479 27.4.1 History of Formal Food Packaging Regulation in the US 481 27.4.2 US Food Packaging Regulations 482 27.4.3 Environmental Impact of Materials Used in Food Packaging 483 27.4.4 Rigid Plastic Containers 483 27.4.5 Regulations 483 27.4.6 The US Exposure Approach to FCM Legislation 485 27.4.7 The Regulatory Enforcement Process in the United States 485 27.4.8 A Practical Approach to the US Food Contact Materials Regulatory Regime 486 27.5 Australia and Africa 487 27.5.1 Regulations for Food Packaging Materials in Australia 487 27.5.2 Reducing Environmental Harm in the Natural Environment 488 27.6 Regulation for Food Packaging Materials in Africa 488 27.6.1 Foods Based on Cereals and Wheat Production 488 27.6.2 Beers 488 27.6.3 Food Packaging
• Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle 490 27.7 Conclusion 491 References 491 Index 495

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BC0073254X
• ISBN:
  • 9781119381075
• LCCN: 2020024015
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: Hoboken, NJ
• ページ数/冊数: pages cm
• 分類:
  • LCC : TS198.2
  • DC23 : 664/.09
  • DC23 : 664.09
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Packaging -- Materials
  • LCSH : Packaging -- Environmental aspects
  • LCSH : Packaging -- Economic aspects
  • LCSH : Food -- Packaging
  • LCSH : Biodegradable products