The fabrication of ancient Greece, 1785-1985

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書誌事項

The fabrication of ancient Greece, 1785-1985

Martin Bernal

（Rutgers University Press classics, . Black Athena : the Afroasiatic roots of classical civilization ; v. 1）

Rutgers University Press, 2020, c1987

Reprint ed

  • : pbk

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注記

Reprint. Originally published: New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press, 1987

Includes bibliographical references (p. 561-611) and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Winner of the 1990 American Book Award What is classical about Classical civilization? In one of the most audacious works of scholarship ever written, Martin Bernal challenges the foundation of our thinking about this question. Classical civilization, he argues, has deep roots in Afroasiatic cultures. But these Afroasiatic influences have been systematically ignored, denied or suppressed since the eighteenth century-chiefly for racist reasons. The popular view is that Greek civilization was the result of the conquest of a sophisticated but weak native population by vigorous Indo-European speakers-Aryans-from the North. But the Classical Greeks, Bernal argues, knew nothing of this "Aryan model." They did not see their institutions as original, but as derived from the East and from Egypt in particular. In an unprecedented tour de force, Bernal links a wide range of areas and disciplines-drama, poetry, myth, theological controversy, esoteric religion, philosophy, biography, language, historical narrative, and the emergence of "modern scholarship."

目次

Preface and Acknowledgements Transcription and Phonetics Maps and Charts Chronological Table Introduction Background Proposed historical outline Black Athena, Volume I: a summary of the argument Greece European or Levantine? The Egyptian and West Semitic Components of Greek Civilization / a summary of Volume 2 Solving the Riddle of the Sphinx and Other Studies in Egypto-Greek Mythology / a summary of Volume 1 The Ancient Model in Antiquity Pelasgians Ionians Colonization The colonizations in Greek tragedy Herodotos Thucydides Isokrates and Plato Aristotle Theories of colonization and later borrowing in the Hellenistic world Plutarch's attack on Herodotos The triumph of Egyptian religion Alexander son of Ammon 2 Egyptian wisdom and Greek transmission From the Dark Ages to the Renaissance The murder of Hypatia The collapse of Egypto-Pagan religion Christianity, stars and fish The relics of Egyptian religion: Hermeticism, Neo-Platonism and Gnosticism Hermeticism - Greek, Iranian, Chaldaean or Egyptian? Hermeticism and Neo-Platonism under early Christianity, Judaism and Islam Hermeticism in Byzantium and Christian Western Europe Egypt in the Renaissance Copernicus and Hermeticism Hermeticism and Egypt in the 16th century 3 The triumph of Egypt in the 17th and 18th centuries Hermeticism in the 17th century Rosicrucianism: Ancient Egypt in Protestant countries Ancient Egypt in the 18th century The 18th century: China and the Physiocrats The 18th century: England, Egypt and the Freemasons France, Egypt and 'progress': the quarrel between Ancients and Moderns Mythology as allegory for Egyptian science The Expedition to Egypt 4 Hostilities to Egypt in the 18th century Christian reaction The 'triangle': Christianity and Greece against Egypt The alliance between Greece and Christianity 'Progress' against Egypt Europe as the 'progressive' continent 'Progress' Racism Romanticism Ossian and Homer Romantic Hellenism Winckelmann and Neo-Hellenism in Germany Goettingen 5 Romantic linguistics The rise of India and the fall of Egypt, 1740-1880 The birth of Indo-European The love affair with Sanskrit Schlegelian Romantic linguistics The Oriental Renaissance The fall of China Racism in the early 19th century What colour were the Ancient Egyptians? The national renaissance of modern Egypt Dupuis, Jomard and Champollion Egyptian monotheism or Egyptian polytheism Popular perceptions of Ancient Egypt in the 19th and 20th centuries Elliot Smith and 'diffusionism' Jomard and the Mystery of the Pyramids 6 Hellenomania, 1 The fall of the Ancient Model, 1790-1830 Friedrich August Wolf and Wilhelm von Humboldt Humboldt's educational reforms The Philhellenes Dirty Greeks and the Dorians Transitional figures, 1: Hegel and Marx Transitional figures, 2: Heeren Transitional figures, 3: Barthold Niebuhr Petit-Radel and the first attack on the Ancient Model Karl Otfried Muller and the overthrow of the Ancient Model 7 Hellenomania, 2 Transmission of the new scholarship to England and the rise of the Aryan Model, 1830-60 The German model and educational reform in England George Grote Aryans and Hellenes 8 The rise and fall of the Phoenicians, 1830-85 Phoenicians and anti-Semitism What race were the Semites? The linguistic and geographical inferiorities of the Semites The Arnolds Phoenicians and English, 1: the English view Phoenicians and English, 2: the French view Salammbo Moloch The Phoenicians in Greece: 1820-80 Gobineau's image of Greece Schliemann and the discovery of the 'Mycenaeans' Babylon 9 The final solution of the Phoenician problem, 1885-1945 The Greek Renaissance Salomon Reinach Julius Beloch Victor Berard Akhenaton and the Egyptian Renaissance Arthur Evans and the 'Minoans' The peak of anti-Semitism, 1920-39 20th-century Aryanism Taming the alphabet: the final assault on the Phoenicians 10 The post-war situation The return to the Broad Aryan Model, 1945-85 The post-war situation Developments in Classics, 1945-65 The model of autochthonous origin East Mediterranean contacts Mythology Language Ugarit Scholarship and the rise of Israel Cyrus Gordon Astour and Hellenosemitica Astour's successor? - J. C. Billigmeier An attempt at compromise: Ruth Edwards The return of the Iron Age Phoenicians Naveh and the transmission of the alphabet The return of the Egyptians? The Revised Ancient Model Conclusion Appendix Were the Philistines Greek? Notes Glossary Bibliography Index

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