Laser optoelectronic oscillators
著者
書誌事項
Laser optoelectronic oscillators
（Springer series in optical sciences, v. 232）
Springer, c2020
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This book is devoted to the theoretical and experimental investigation of the optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with direct and external modulation of laser emission. Such devices, sources of precision radio frequency oscillations using laser excitation, are novel and technologically relevant, with manifold possible applications. The book includes a review of the present state of the theory and generation techniques in microwave and mm-wave ranges for traditional and optoelectronic oscillators, description of OEO construction and operation principles, theoretical oscillation analysis and mathematical description of the relevant semi-classical laser physics, and investigation of the power spectral density of noises. Technical features and advantages of OEOs with external and direct modulation of laser emission are discussed together with functional diagrams. The characteristics of OEOs are compared with other traditional RF oscillators, such as quartz, surface acoustic waves, and oscillators with electromagnetic wave cavities. Special attention is paid to Q-factors and phase noises of RF carriers at small offsets. The authors discuss the technical characteristics of modern optoelectronic methods for precision RF oscillation formation, such as commercial large-dimension and compact quantum frequency standards with optical pumping on cesium and rubidium cells. This book is aimed at scientists and engineers in academia and industry who work with sources of microwave and mm-wave signals.
目次
DedicationForewordINTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1. Nano-structural optoelectronic oscillators with the fiber-opticaldelay line1.1. Operation principle and functional diagram of OEO with FODL1.1.1. Optoelectronic oscillator1.1.2. Methodic conception and features of OEO theoretical investigation1.1.3. Semi-classical laser theory1.1.4. Semi-classical laser approximation1.1.5. A laser in OEO structure1.1.6. MZ modulator in OEO structure1.2. Technical features and advantages of OEO with external and direct modulation inoptions with self-heterodyne mixing1.3 Spontaneous laser and QDLD emission and its role in OEO noises' formation1.4 Hybrid utilization of up-to-date electro-optical elements and microwave elements inOEO1.5. OEO with self-heterodyne mixing as the oscillator containing the phase fluctuationcorrelator in the feedback loop1.6. Integration in future optical and optoelectronic systems1.6.1. New methods of optical and optoelectronic frequency control of the RFoscillators1.6.2. Nonlinearities in OEO1.6.3. Dispersion FODL in OEO1.6.4. Types of optoelectronic oscillators by the composition of modulated lightsource1.6.5. OEO division according to FOS topology1.7 Modern elements of OEO: a laser, the optical fiber, and a photo-detector1.7.1. A laser1.7.2. Optical resonators and the optical fiber1.7.3. Fiber lasers1.7.4. The optical modulator in OEO and modules1.7.5. Optical fibers for OEO1.7.6. Photo-detectors1.8. Comparison of OEO characteristics with other traditional oscillators1.8.1. Traditional electronic oscillators1.8.2. Q-factors of oscillator resonance systems1.8.3. Dimensions of oscillator resonance systems1.8.4. Phase noises and PSD of precision RF oscillations1.9. Modern optoelectronic methods for precision RF oscillation formation1.9.1. Commercial bulky and compact frequency standards with optical pumping oncesium and rubidium cells1.9.2. A synthesizer with the optical micro-resonator1.10. Conclusions6CHAPTER 2. Theoretical analysis OEO with the help of ordinary differentialequations2.1. Functional diagrams of OEO with direct and external modulation......................2.1.1. OEO with direct and external modulation2.1.2. Heterodyne reception and self-heterodyne mixing in OEO2.1.3. OEO with single optical sideband2.1.3. Equivalent diagrams with direct and external modulation for OEO with theMach-Zender modulator2.2. Mathematical model of autonomous OEO with differential FODL2.2.1. The system of two differential equations2.2.2. Simplified block-diagram and OEO abbreviated equations2 . 2 .3. Mathematical description of components: a laser, a photo-detector, anamplifier, a filter2.2.4. Symbolic equations and the Y-matrix of FODL2.3. The semi-classical laser equation and abbreviated differential equation of OEO2.3.1. The quasi-classical laser theory2.3.2. The wave differential equation of the laser2.3.3. The van-der Pol equation for the laser.2.3.4. Abbreviated laser equations for amplitude and phase2.3.5. Applicability condition for van-der Pol equation for the laser2.4. Laser differential equations for single-mode single-frequency regime2.4.1. Semi-classical differential equation of the laser2.4.2. The feedback loop in OEO2.4.3. Transfer functions of OEO optical components: a resonator, a modulator, theoptical fiber2 .4 . 4. Fabri-Perrot resonators, Bragg resonators, and disk resonators, theirmathematical models2.5. OEO differential equations with Langevinian noise sources..................2.5.1. Langevinian noise sources2.5.2. OEO differential equation for direct and external modulation with noises2.5.3. OEO symbolic equations with fluctuations2.5.4. Abbreviated equation for a laser and OEO with fluctuations2 .5.5. Features of symbolic equations for different laser pumping system (threeleveland four-level)2.6. OEO equations taking into account the square strength of the laser electromagneticfield for the correlation function. ..............................2.6.1. Mathematical model of correlator in OIO2.6.2. Correlation function and covariation of OEO field strength2.6.3. Dielectric model of the waveguide and two-dimension correlation function2.7. Spontaneous laser emission and OEO phase noise formation2.8. Conclusions.CHAPTER 3. Frequency control in OEO by the variations of the bias current ofmesa-strip QWLD3.1. QWLD in OEO3.1.1. Structural diagram and equivalent circuit of QWLD3.1.2. Differential kinetic equations of QWLD3.2. Differential equations and the transfer function of QWLD3.2.1. Transfer function of QWLD uin the small-signal mode3.2.2. Analysis of AFC and PFC of QWLD in microwave range3.2.3. Watt-ampere characteristics and QWLD spectrum73.2.4. OEO with QWLD and the frequency function versus the pumping current3 . 2.5. The effect of sign polarity change of the slope of frequency function atvariation of the pumping current3.3. Modern QWLD, characteristics and phase noise of QWLD3.4. Conclusions...........CHAPTER 4. Methods of OEO optical frequency control for differentialFODL.....................................................4.1 The microwave frequency control in OEO with differential FODL made on the baseof the fiber-optical directional Y-coupler...............................................................4.1.1. Characteristics of optical Y-couplers4.1.2. OEO with differential FODL Y- 4.1.3. Dependence of frequency and methods of frequency control in OEO4.2. Frequency control in OEO with differential FODL and the fiber-optical directionalX-coupler ..............................4.2.1. Characteristics of optical X-couplers4.2.2. OEO with differential FODL with -coupler4.2.3. Dependence of frequency and methods of frequency control in OEO4.3. Parametric frequency instability in OEO under temperature influence on the singleoptical fiber4.3.1.Parameters of optical fiber for various temperatures4.3.2. OEO ...4.3.3. Compact and ultra-compact FODL4.3.4. Long-term frequency instability in OEO with differential FODL4.4. Phase-generator measuring method for differential delay of optical fiber at itstemperature variation4.4.1. Description of the phase-generator measurement method4.4.2. Experimental OEO frequency dependence upon temperature4.4.3. Thermo-compensated OEO4.5. ConclusionsCHAPTER 5. OEO operation analysis with direct modulation of the laserdiode.....5.1. OEO diagrams and operation features with direct modulation and coherent opticalself-heterodyne mixing of the photo-detector...............................................5.1.1.OEO with direct modulation in the single sideband mode5.1.2. Functional equivalent diagrams of OEO5.1.3. Features of mathematical description of components5.2. Mathematical model of OEO with the small-signal direct amplitude modulation ofthe laser at the coherent photo-detection mode5.2.1. Transfer function of the feedback loop in OEO5.2.2. Differential equations of OEO with direct modulation and fluctuations5.3. OEO differential equations for direct AM of QWLD emission..................5.3.1. OEO differential equations for direct AM5.3.2. The analysis of laser kinetics in OEO5.3.3. Steady-state equations for the laser and OEO5.3.4. Scenario of transients of the laser and OEO5.3.5. The analysis of OEO symbolic equations, of stability and self-excitation5.4. Analysis of amplitude and phase noises in OEO with the laser direct modulation onthe base of fluctuation equations5.4.1. OEO abbreviated equations with fluctuations5.4.2. Autocorrelation function of the laser field strength85.4.3. Power spectral density of spontaneous emission and laser phase noises5.4.4. The analysis of abbreviated fluctuation equations of OEO5.4.5. Amplitude and phase noises of OEO with direct modulation5.5. ConclusionsCHAPTER 6. OEO operation analysis with the external Mach-Zender modulator6.1. General problem statement for OEO investigation with the Mach-Zendermodulator....................................................................................6.2. Construction and operation principle of OEO with MZ modulator.....6.2.1. Diagram of optical channels in the MZ modulator6 . 2.2. Dielectric structure of the planar MZ waveguide and calculation of thetransverse field section6.2.3. The electrode layout in MZ6.3. Mathematical model of OEO with MZ modulator............6.3.1. Abbreviated differential equations with fluctuations for the laser in OEO withMZ6.3.2. Autocorrelation function of the laser field strength and power spectral densityof spontaneous emission and laser phase noises in OEO with MZ6.4. Characteristic and transfer function of MZ modulator in OEO6.4.1. The modulation characteristic of MZ6.4.2. MZ transfer function, AFC and PFC with account of electrodes6.4.3. OEO MZ abbreviated equations, steady-state amplitude and frequency6.4.4. Long-term frequency instability of OEO MZ6.5. Differential fluctuation equations of OEO with MZ modulator6.5.1. Power spectral density of laser detected noises6.5.2. OEO MZ abbreviated equations with fluctuations6.5.3. Amplitude and phase noises in OEO MZ6.5.4. Power spectral density of OEO MZ amplitude and phase noises6.5.5. Natural line width of OEO MZ6.6. Results of computer modeling of OEO with MZ modulator6.6.1. Modeling of transients in OEO MZ6.6.2. Influence of laser photon-electron resonance on the spectral density of the OEOMZ phase noise6.7. ConclusionsCHAPTER 7. Experimental investigations and practical circuits of OEO withFODL7.1. Characteristics of modulated emission sources: the laser diode and the lightemittingdiode in the microwave range7.2. Influence of DC bias current variations of the laser diode upon the generationfrequency7.3. OEO on the powerful laser for phased microwave FODL for the active phasedantenna array7.4. Implementation of OEO in the microwave range and its experimentalcharacteristics7.5. Practical circuits of the optoelectronic oscillator implementation7.5.1. Implementation of tuned low-noise oscillators in microwave and mm-waveranges7.5.2. OEO in microwave and mm-wave ranges in usual and optical radars of onboardand ground-based stations7 . 5.3. OEO utilization for measurement of PSD of phase noises in oscillators,microwave and mm-wave devices and lasers with narrow spectral line below 100 kHz97.5.4 OEO application in lengthy fiber-optical links of secretive communication withincreased noise immunity7.5.5. OEOs for formation of optical and electric pulses with durations less than 1 pswith the low jitter7.5.6. Implementation of fiber-optical sensors of physical quantities on the OEO basis7.5.6.1.Sensor for mechanical micro- and nano-displacement7.5.6.2. Sensors of electric voltage7.5.6.3. The magneto-gorge sensor of electric current7.5.7 OEO application in lengthy communication links of mm-wave range of 60...80GHz with large speed of the information transmission up to 10 Gb/s7.6. ConclusionsConclusionsAppendicesAbout authorsList of abbreviationsIndex
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