Upper atmosphere dynamics and energetics
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Upper atmosphere dynamics and energetics
（Geophysical monograph, 261）（Space physics and aeronomy collection, v. 4）
Wiley-American Geophysical Union, [2021]
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Summary: "Earth's upper atmosphere is an open system that is strongly influenced by energy and momentum inputs from above, including solar radiation, solar wind, the magnetosphere, and from below by coupling with the lower atmosphere through large-scale waves. The upper atmosphere is a weakly ionized plasma. The neutral part is the 'thermosphere' and the ionized part is the 'ionosphere'. The upper atmosphere plasma is largely produced by photoionization of neutral species by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation. The thermosphere and ionosphere are strongly coupled together through ionneutral interactions, including heat and momentum transfer and the effects of the so-called 'wind dynamo'. The solar wind and magnetosphere affect the upper atmosphere through Joule heating and ion drag by imposing external electric fields and auroral particle precipitation during magnetically active periods. Changes in solar radiation on different time scales ranging from transient events such as solar flares or even an eclipse;