CiNii Books - Violence against LGBTQ+ persons : research, practice, and advocacy

As violence against LGBTQ+ persons continues to be a pervasive and serious problem, this book aims to inform mental health providers about the unique needs of LGBTQ+ survivors of interpersonal and structural violence. Individual chapters analyze unique aspects of violence against specific subpopulations of LGBTQ+ persons in order to avoid ineffective and sometimes simplistic one-size-fits-all treatment strategies. Among the topics covered: Macro Level Advocacy for Mental Health Professionals: Promoting Social Justice for LGBTQ+ Survivors of Interpersonal Violence Intimate Partner Violence in Women's Same-Sex Relationships Violence Against Asexual Persons Invisibility and Trauma in the Intersex Community Sexual and Gender Minority Refugees and Asylum Seekers: An Arduous Journey Sexual and Gender Minority Marginalization in Military Contexts Navigating Potentially Traumatic Conservative Religious Environments as a Sexual/Gender Minority Violence Against LGBTQ+ Persons prepares mental health professionals for addressing internalized forms of prejudice and oppression that exacerbate the trauma of the survivor, in order to facilitate healing, empowerment, healthy relationships, and resilience at the intersection of sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and diverse social locations. This is a valuable reference for psychologists, social workers, counselors, nurses, mental health professionals, and graduate students, regardless of whether they are preparing for general practice, treatment of LGBTQ+ clients, or treatment of survivors and perpetrators of various forms of violence.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Confronting Diverse Forms of Violence Against LGBTQ+ Persons and Communities by Emily M. Lund, Claire Burgess, and Andy J. Johnson Chapter 2: Conceptualizing Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity by Geoffrey L. Ream and Eric RodriguezThis chapter describes current concepts of sexual orientation and gender identity. It covers medical and psychological theories, feminist and critical perspectives, and ideologies that support violence against LGBTQ+ persons. Medical and psychological theories employ quantifiable biometric and survey data, and focus on dimensions of attraction, behavior, dating, and identity. They stipulate that nonheterosexual and non-cisgender identification are not psychopathological and not amenable to change through therapy. Critical perspectives use qualitative interview data and examine how sexuality and gender are lived out in people's real lived experiences. They foreground experiences of genderqueer and non-binary gender, bisexuality, and sexual fluidity, in which attractions may change as someone's sexual sense of self evolves. Ideologies supporting violence against LGBTQ+ persons tend to be based in an essentialist view of gender, and see LGBTQ+ identities and practices as harmful to a social order. These ideologies have thought leaders and scholars advocating for them, but they also occur as common sense to people who believe in traditional sexual and gender roles and norms. Those who wish to challenge ideologies supporting violence against LGBTQ+ persons must do so on ideological and policy fronts, aiming to change both scholarly ideas and common sense. Chapter 3: Understanding Homo/Transphobia by Lauren McLean Cultural narratives of our society surrounding gender identity and sexuality can provide a rigid narrative of these constructs leading to homophobia and transphobia towards individuals who identify outside of these constructs. This book chapter will explore how cultural narratives create homophobia and transphobia as well as the impact of these phobias on individuals within the LGBTQ+ community. Mental health practitioners need to be aware of the impact of the pervasive discrimination, prejudice, and violence towards LGBTQ+ persons as these acts can create clinical issues that present common problems for child, adolescent, and adult clients, their families, and their partners. In addition, mental health practitioners need to be aware of potential internalized biases that they may hold in order to be able to confront these biases and bracket values so that they can more effectively work with, and be an ally for, LGBTQ+ clients. Furthermore, educators in the field of mental health should strive to create affirming classroom settings and be able to effectively prepare students to work with the LGBTQ+ community. This chapter will address these issues within the mental health community as well as strategies for clinicians to help clients heal from homophobia and transphobia. Chapter 4: Preventing the Bullying of LGBTQ+ Persons in Schools by Dorothy Espelage et al. Chapter 5: Bullying Victimization towards LGBTQ+ Youth: Opportunities for Growth and Intervention by Claire Burgess, Micha Martin, Ankur Shrivastava, and Cary Klemmer. Chapter 6: Promoting Social Change for LGBTQ+ Rights: Dismantling Oppression, Building Peace, and Advocating Change by Haven Herrin Chapter 7: Macro Level Advocacy for Mental Health Practitioners Promoting Social Justice for LGBTQ+ Survivors of Interpersonal Violence by Nancy Fitzsimons. Chapter 8: Violence Against Trans Persons by Victoria M. Rodriguez-Roldan. Chapter 9: Violence Against Lesbians: Myths, Lived Realities, and Healing by Barbara Winstead et al. Chapter 10: Preventing Violence Against Gay Men by Jillian Scheer. Chapter 11: Counseling Survivors of Violence Against Bisexual Persons by Taylor Mefford and Eric Chen. Chapter 12: Sexual Assault and Violence Against Asexual Persons by Emily Lund and Bayley Johnson. Chapter 13: Variations in Violence Against Intersex Persons by Niki Khanna. Much misinformation and myth surrounds members of the Intersex community. Intersex is the most often ignored and misunderstood letter in the panoply of the queer community. Indeed inclusion of Intersex in the queer lexicon is a still much-debated topic within the community. This chapter will untangle some of the mystery of what is Intersex and what it means to be Intersex. The history of treatment and, more importantly, mistreatment of Intersex individuals by the medical establishment will be discussed. The impact of the violent and systemic erasure of Intersex bodies will be examined on the societal, familial and individual levels. How an individual's other identities, such as race, and sexual orientation, intersects with their Intersex identity will be explored as well. This chapter will also look at the history of Intersex activism, its outcomes, and ongoing work. Falling outside the staunchly held sex binary results in different traumas for Intersex individuals. This chapter will delve into the various spaces these traumas occur. It will also look at the ways Intersex individuals and communities have fostered healing, empowerment, and support for themselves and how mental health providers can align themselves with and support these practices. Chapter 14: Interpersonal Violence Against Sexual and Gender Minority Persons with Disabilities by Emily Lund. Chapter 15: Violence Against Queer and TGNC People of Color by Claire McCown. The presence of violence is widespread in the queer/gender minority community (Edwards, Sylaska, & Neale, 2015
Hughto et al., 2017
Richmond, Burns, & Carroll, 2012
Stotzer, 2009). Certain subgroups of this population, including queer people of color (QPOC) and transgender and gender nonconforming people of color (TGNCPOC) are at a heightened risk of experiencing violence related to their multiple minority identities (Meyer, 2008
Sevelius, 2013). Both qualitative and quantitative research has found that queer and transgender POC experience elevated rates of systemic, interpersonal, and identity-related violence (Bith-Melander et al., 2010
Sevelius, 2013
Xavier, et al., 2005). The multiple minority statuses of race, sexual orientation, and gender identity represent compounded minority stressors (Bowleg, et al., 2003
Hendricks & Testa, 2012
Meyer, 1995
Meyer, 2003
Utsey et al., 2002) for queer and transgender POC, indicating that additional minority identities increase an individual's risk for violence victimization. This chapter aims to illuminate the unique intersections of identity, oppression, and violence across contexts for queer and transgender POC. Additionally, this chapter will provide an overview of the domains in which violence is experienced by queer and transgender POCs. These domains include intimate partner violence, family-of-origin violence, stranger and acquaintance violence, race-related violence, gender-identity related violence, and systemic violence. The text will also address the practical and applied implications of violence against queer and transgender POCs, as well as provide a list of resources for survivors and allies. Chapter 16: Violence Against LGBTQ+ Persons Around the Globe by Carla Moleiro et al. Chapter 17: When Home is Nowhere: Legal and Normative Violence against LGBTQ Refugees in the United States by Ahmad Qais Munhazim Thousands of people are forced to flee their homes because of their gender identity and sexual orientation. Escaping violence at home, more than 3,500 LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers end up in the US annually. Violence constitutes the daily lived experiences of LGBTQ refugees in their new homes. It is often times assumed that LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers are objects of physical violence only. Hence, this is one of the reasons that the existing scholarship in the field of refugee studies, political violence and LGBTQ studies tend to focus primarily on this corporal aspect of violence, leaving other forms and notions of violence understudied. I, in this chapter, interrogate legal and normative violence produced by lengthy and complex processes of asylum and refugee systems and structures that impact the lives of LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers in the United States. I also analyze the normative queer spaces, particularly the categorial identification that contribute to the mental and emotional violence experienced by LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers. The key question this chapter seeks to answer is
what are the legal and normative processes that destroy the sense of home in refugees and asylum seekers? I argue that the legal immigration processes and norms of queerness in the US contribute to estrangement, making the familiar unfamiliar. The LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers often times become strangers to their homes here and homes there and the question the geography of home
where is home
the home they escaped from or the home they are given "refuge" in? How does home become site of violence? How do LGBTQ refugees become strangers to their own familiar selves, identities and spaces? Discussing and complicating these critical inquiries, this chapter, theorizes estrangement as systematic, structural and social violence produced by host states and racialized queer and trans spaces, and asserts that LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers experience mental, emotional and physical violence in exile on daily basis. Through multi-method qualitative study of LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers from Afghanistan in California, Washington DC, Maryland and Virginia, this chapter interrogates the daily lived experiences of violence among LGBTQ refugees and asylum seekers and the discussion concludes with implications for immigration policies, refugee resettlement experts and mental health providers. Chapter 18: Finding Safety, Building Community, Providing Hope: The Creation of PRIDE Healing Center by Rachel Egbert PRIDE Healing Center (PHC), a trauma-informed specialty clinic for the LGBTQ+ community, opened its doors at Long Island University-Post on January 20, 2016. Following the tragic shooting in Orlando at Pulse nightclub and the shift in our political climate, many LGBTQ+ community members were left scared to be themselves and feeling unsafe in their communities. This is when members of the nationally recognized Trauma Response and Research Team at Post decided to act. With the help of local and national experts on trauma and LGBTQ+ cultural competency, student leaders worked to create a space where members of the LGBTQ+ community would feel welcome and their voices would be heard. Each decision from the name, to the marketing materials, treatment modalities, and training of clinicians was carefully considered in an effort to ensure both cultural competency and a high-level of trauma services. Now in its infancy, PRIDE Healing Center continues to grow in clientele, community partnerships, and recognition. The PHC continually hears how safe it feels for clients to be themselves in this space. Readers will benefit from a conversation about the creation and development of this clinic, the benefits of trauma-informed treatment for the LGBTQ+ community, and how to take steps towards cultural competency in their own practices.Chapter 19: Ethical and Legal Considerations in Clinical Training. Needs to be reassigned. Chapter 20. Homeless LGBTQ+ Youth in New York City by Geoffrey L. Ream & Kate F. Barnhart This chapter describes the experiences of homeless and housing-insecure LGBTQ+ youth in New York City, who are an illustrative case of several dimensions of risk for anti-LGBTQ+ violence co-occurring in the same population. Only a minority of these youth had relatively normal childhoods until their families "kicked them out" for being gay
many endured abuse, family substance use, conflict in their homes, and the pressures of poverty. Most were once in care of the child welfare system, where anti-LGBTQ+ discrimination is nearly universal. On the street, they must learn to provide for their own safety through violence or the threat of violence. This causes them to adapt in ways that make it harder for them to leave the streets, because youth-serving organizations expect youth to come to staff with problems and not resort to threats or fighting. Few homeless LGBTQ+ youth are involved with sex work, hard drugs, or HIV risk behavior. Rather, their main obstacles to leaving the streets are that jobs are hard to find and keep, and beds in emergency shelters and transitional living programs are so few in number that they are hard to obtain. Mental health issues and trauma also burden this population, and obtaining access to mental health services can be prohibitively difficult. Services to this population must address the impacts of their past and present experiences of violence. Trauma-informed care is essential, as is keeping program spaces safe so that youth can worry about rebuilding their lives rather than protecting themselves. Chapter 21: Violence and harassment against LGBT elders: Continued challenges in healthcare, housing, and aging services for pioneers of the movement by Lauren M. Bouchard, Julie Bates, and Michael J. Pessman. Chapter 22: Violence Against LGBTQ+ Persons in the Military by Claire Burgess. Chapter 23: Navigating potentially traumatic conservative religious contexts as a sexual/gender minority by G. Tyler Lefevor Although many religions are becoming increasingly accepting of sexual and gender minority (SGM) identities and experiences, SGMs continue to report traumatic experiences with religion. SGMs describe traumatic experiences experienced in conservative religious contexts on three levels: institutional (e.g., discriminatory policies, institutionalized homophobia), interpersonal (e.g., stigma, closeting, rejection), and intraindividual (e.g., internalized homonegativity, internalized spiritual/religious conflict). SGMs also report a variety of responses to conservative religious context including not experiencing trauma, compartmentalization of trauma from the positives of religion, rejecting religious teachings and practices, rejecting a sexual/gender minority identity, and integrating their sexual/gender and religious identities in a way that minimizes the impact of traumatic experiences. To assist mental health professionals in understanding and working with SGMs from conservative religious contexts, we discuss the types of traumatic experiences reported, the various strategies to dealing with these experiences and resultant identity conflict, and the mental health implications of these strategies. Chapter 24: Contextualizing evidenced-based approaches for treating traumatic life experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder among gay and bisexual men by Conall O'Cleirigh, Abigail Batchelder, and Samantha M. Marquez. Chapter 25: An Interpersonally-Based, Process-Oriented Framework for Group Therapy with LGBTQ Clients by G. Tyler Lefevor & Jennifer S. Williams Chapter 26: Affirming Theological Resources by Andy Johnson Chapter 27: Research, Practice, and Advocacy in the Movement to End Gender Violence: A Summary by Emily M. Lund and Andy J. Johnson

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Violence against LGBTQ+ persons : research, practice, and advocacy

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