Rivalry in sport : understanding fan behavior and organizations
著者
書誌事項
Rivalry in sport : understanding fan behavior and organizations
（Palgrave pivot）
Palgrave Macmillan, c2020
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注記
Includes bibliographical references and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This book focuses on how rivalry influences fan perceptions and behaviors, the role of organizations to responsibly promote rivalries, and discusses how to decrease negative and group-member deviance surrounding sport rivalry. Rivalry is a phenomenon that helps organizations and participants increase their output while also engaging fans. The author argues that the goal of rivalry should be to increase engagement and interest in the product without stepping over a sometimes invisible line resulting in fan or group member negativity, deviance, and violence. Through the introduction of two scales that specifically measure how group members react to out-groups in the sport setting, this book offers scholars deeper insights into what rivalry means and how it can be used to responsibly promote the sport product.
目次
1. Introduction
This chapter will introduce the reader to the book, detailing each chapter and idea that will be discussed in the book. This chapter will also inform readers how the book would be best used for different audiences.
2. What is Rivalry and Organizational Responsibility
This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the current literature regarding rivalry using examples primarily from the sport setting. In particular, the chapter will discuss the antecedents and outcomes regarding rivalry, and how the phenomenon influences group members. The chapter will transition into what responsible sport organizations have in promoting rivalry in a responsible manner. For instance, organizations are wise to use rivalry to increase engagement with fan groups. Rivalry can increase a person's likelihood to consume live and mediated content and wear favorite team merchandise.
Even as rivalry helps organizations increase engagement with fans, it can also increase negativity and derogation among competing groups and group members. The chapter discusses the pitfalls for organizations in not properly promoting and working to control the negativity surrounding rivalry such as legal consequences, loss of revenue, negative public image, and potential loss of long-term fandom. The chapter also discusses examples of promotions and skits implemented by organizations that illustrate their involvement in promoting rivalry in an irresponsible manner. This chapter concludes with a transition and call to better understand that rivalry phenomenon, in particular, perceptions and behaviors involving rivalry discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
3. Relative Rivalry and Place
Chapter 3 introduces readers to the Sport Rivalry Fan Perception Scale (SRFPS, Havard, Gray, Gould, Sharp, & Schaffer, 2013), which measures the way group members perceive out-groups and their members (e.g., supporters of rival team). The chapter will discuss the twelve-item, four-facet measure and how it has been used to investigate the influence of rivalry on fan and group member behavior.
The chapter will then use the scale to illustrate how fan perceptions differ among groups using two studies. First, based on the extended contact theory, the chapter will detail how fans that have visited or live in the city where their rival team plays perceive their out-group differently from people whom have never visited the city. Results of the investigation show that people whom have visited or live(d) in the city where their rival team plays report different perceptions of their rival team than those that have never visited/lived in the city.
Finally, based on extended contact hypothesis, the chapter will detail a case study of Colorado State University, University of Colorado, and University of Wyoming fans. Colorado State University is at the middle, with the University of Wyoming to the north and University of Colorado to the south, thus making the relationship ideal to illustrate how location influences rival perceptions. Results show that fans of the University of Wyoming view Colorado State University as their main rival, however, fans of Colorado State University views the University of Colorado as their main rival. The chapter also uses the relationship among the three schools to show how a group (Colorado State University fans) identifies a main rival (University of Colorado) and a secondary rival (University of Wyoming), and how these relationships influence perceptions of the out-group.
4. GORFing and Consumption
Glory Out of Reflected Failure (GORF) addresses the likelihood of fans to celebrate the indirect failure of rival teams (Havard, 2014). For example, when a team one considers a rival loses to another team, fans celebrate and feel better about themselves and their in-group. The chapter will begin by introducing GORFing, including a discussion of the differences between GORFing and schadenfreude. The chapter then introduces a scale that measures the phenomenon and discusses how GORFing presents itself in the literature.
The chapter then presents a study in which the GORFing scale was used to investigate the phenomenon's influence on fan likelihood to wear and purchase favorite team merchandise when a rival team experiences indirect failure. Results show that GORFing is influenced by identification with a favorite team, perceptions of a rival team, and influences likelihood to wear and purchase favorite team merchandise. The chapter illustrates how the indirect failure of a rival team can benefit the engagement with favorite team fans. However, the chapter also cautions organizations against over-promoting rival team indirect failure, and some of the negative outcomes associated with such behavior. For instance, fans celebrated negative news about a rival team when the indiscretion was seen as minimal (e.g., a recruiting violation) or medium (e.g., a DUI). However, when the indiscretion was seen as extremely negative (e.g., felony with proof of cover up), fans did not take much pleasure in celebrating the news, which suggests that fans possibly choose not to pass a morale line (Havard & Eddy, 2019).
5. Call to Action
This chapter extends the knowledge and findings of the previous chapters by providing a call to action to practitioners and researches. For instance, practitioners are provided with ideas for promoting rivalry in a responsible and healthy manner. The chapter includes examples from organizations that have responsibly promoted rivalry in a way that increases engagement among fans while limiting the likelihood of overly negative behaviors and deviance. Further, the chapter points out that negative fan behavior cannot be avoided entirely. Rather, building from the information introduced in chapter 2, the discussion focuses on how organizations can limit their perceive responsibility if and when unfortunate fan behavior occurs. For example, when unfortunate fan behavior occurs, organizations will attempt to distance from the behavior, just as group members typically do. However, that effort is made more difficult when an organization has engaged in promotion that in some way encourages negativity. The chapter will discuss ideas to limit this type of promotion.
The chapter also provides ideas for future research on the phenomenon of rivalry, both from a consumer behavior and group member behavior perspective. Adding to the understanding of rivalry and group member behavior is important not just for sport organizations, but also for the non-sport setting. The chapter will highlight some areas where additional research on group member behavior may help further understand inter- and intra-group relationships.
6. Sport Rivalry Man Curriculum
This chapter discusses a project we are working on that uses a super hero comic set in sport to teach about rivalry and group member behavior. The chapter begins by with an introduction to Sport Rivalry Man, a comic super hero that takes readers on adventures detailing group member behavior and rivalry. The narrative then moves to a discussion of the Adventures with Sport Rivalry Man stories, available at www.SportRivalry.com/comicstripsandpodcasts/comic-strips. These are short stories presented in comic form that place characters in situations in which they must choose the appropriate way to treat an out-group member. For example, characters have to decide whether they want to stop bullying a friend that is a fan of their rival team, if they want to help a friend who cheers for a rival team, and if they want to speak up for friends that cheer for rival teams when their in-group is derogating the rival team.
The purposes of the comic stories are to use the popular medium of superhero comics and the sport setting to teach readers about what causes them to feel they are different from rival fans, and present appropriate ways to treat out-group members (rival fans). Three are two main objectives associated with the stories: (1) readers learn about rivalry and what causes them to feel different toward out-groups, (2) readers take the lessons and begin to consider more appropriate ways to treat out-group members. Further, there are two main goals of the Adventures with Sport Rivalry Man stories and program: (1) readers take the lessons outside of the sport setting and apply them to other areas of their lives where they encounter out-group members, and (2) readers begin speaking to others about appropriate behavior. As stories focused toward younger readers, the lessons aim to reach children at a younger age before they are socialized with many of the behaviors displayed by adults. To this point, society typically looks to adults to teach children how to behave in various situations. The Adventures with Sport Rivalry Man stories and program aim to reverse this trend and allow young readers to become the teacher regarding appropriate out-group member behavior.
The chapter then discusses the foundation and specifics of a curriculum that was developed around the Adventures with Sport Rivalry Man stories. The curriculum focuses on grade school and younger readers and provides teachers and instructors with lesson plans that cover common issues like bullying, teamwork, and decision making. The curriculum reiterates the objectives and goals of the stories and provides instructors with helpful tips in delivering the material. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions and plans regarding the curriculum.
7. Conclusion
The final chapter of the book reinforces the information and lessons offered throughout the work. Specifically, it addresses the importance of understanding rivalry and the implications it carries for practitioners and researchers in the sport setting. It again reminds readers the important of the Sport Rivalry Fan Perception Scale, and of Glory Out of Reflected Failure, and how both scales and phenomenon help to explain fan behavior.
The chapter reiterates the need for future study regarding the phenomenon in the sport setting. In particular, the chapter devotes discussion to the importance of understanding how rivalry leads to negative sentiment between groups and how to decrease negativity among group members. The chapter, and thus the book, concludes with a discussion of the next phase of research into the rivalry phenomenon. Specifically, what does rivalry and group member behavior look like in and outside of the sport setting. The final call to action is for researchers and practitioners to use the information found in the book to further personal and public understanding of rivalry, and to seek ways to promote rivalry in a responsible manner which will increase fan engagement without increasing fan deviance and violence.
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