Bhutan : conservation and environmental protection in the Himalayas

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書誌事項

Bhutan : conservation and environmental protection in the Himalayas

by Ugyen Tshewang, Michael Charles Tobias, Jane Gray Morrison

Springer, c2021

タイトル別名

Bhutan, conservation and environmental protection in the Himalayas

大学図書館所蔵 件 / 全3件

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注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Located in the heart of the Eastern Himalayas, Bhutan practices the philosophy of Gross National Happiness ("GNH") that embraces environmental conservation as one of the main building blocks for its sustainable development goals. Bhutan's conservation strategies and success are largely driven by the strong political will and visionary leadership of His Majesty the King of Bhutan The nation's Buddhist perspectives regarding a deep and abiding respect for nature; and the strategic enforcement of a wide-ranging stringent set of internal regulations and controls have helped ensure ecological gold standards in Bhutan. Moreover, the country is an active member of the international conservation community by fulfilling its implementation of various Multilateral Environment Agreements. While it emerged into the 21st century as one of the 36 global terrestrial "hotspots" in biological diversity conservation ranks, Bhutan's sheer commitment with more than 51% of its territory being managed under the explicit status of a protected area network, and more than 70% of the land under forest cover, represents Bhutan's exemplary dedication to protect the planet despite its smallness in size and economy, and the biological fragility exemplified by its hotspot situation. In the face of imminent severe threats of global warming, Bhutan nonetheless exemplifies the truth that "a small country with a big conservation commitment" can make an enormous contribution to the global community. At the regional level, Bhutan is intent upon protecting the Water Towers of Asia (that glacial expanse of the Himalayas) which is a critical resource bulwark for about one-fifth of the global population downstream in South Asia. Such protections invariably help mitigate climate change by acting as a nation-wide carbon sink through its carbon neutral policies. In short, Bhutan has long represented one of the world's foremost national guardians of biodiversity conservation, ecological good governance, and societal sustainability at a period when the world has entered the Anthropocene - an epoch of mass extinctions. We envision this publication to be ecologically and ethically provocative and revealing for the concerned scientific communities, and governments. Through an extensive review of the scientific and anthropological literature, as well as the research team's own data, the Author's have set forth timely recommendations for conservation policies, strategies and actions. This book provides technical and deeply considered assessments of the state of Bhutan's environment, its multiple, human-induced stressors and pressures; as well as extremely sound, practical techniques that would address conservation strategies in the Himalayas and, by implication, worldwide.

目次

  • FOREWORD by Dr Lotay Tshering, Prime Minister, Royal Government of Bhutan PREFACE by H.E. Lyonpo Yeshey Penjore, Honourable Minister for Agriculture and Forest, Royal Government of Bhutan CHAPTER 1: STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN BHUTAN Abstract 1 Overview of Bhutan 1 Ecological Zones & Climatic Features 4 Land Use in Bhutan 5 Source: FRMD/DOFPS 10 Conservation Efforts & Protected Area Systems 10 Conservation Laws and Policies 13 Assessment of Non-Protected Areas 14 Sustainable Forest Management Plans in Non-protected Area 15 Scientific Forest Management 16 Community Forest Empowerment 16 Non-Wood Forest Product (NWFP) Management 17 Plantation and Reforestation Programs 18 Keystone species and Conservation Areas 18 Foot Notes 18 Annexure 1.1 Classification and Characteristics of Vegetation Zones in Bhutan (Grierson & Long, 1983, see 19) 22 Annexure 1.2 Description of Classification of Land Cover Class and Sub-Class in Bhutan (See 20) 25 CHAPTER 2: DRIVERS AND PRESSURE ON THE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN BHUTAN Abstract 27 Land Use 31 Hydropower projects 32 Farm Roads 33 Mining and Mineral Development: 36 Land use for Agriculture 38 Waste Management 42 Figure 2.6 Waste Generated (tons/day) Dzongkhag wise 44 Fuel wood consumption 45 Fig. 2.7 Fuel Wood Supply in Bhutan 46 Timber Production 47 Forest Fires 51 Livestock Grazing 52 Air Pollution and Fossil Fuels: 54 Fig. 2.10 Fossil Fuel Consumption in Bhutan Source: Environment Accounting, 2018) 54 Demographic and Poverty factors: 61 Invasive Alien Plant Species 64 Climate change 66 Foot Notes (1- 157) 72 Annexure 2.1 List of Invasive Species in Bhutan 83 CHAPTER 3: NON-VIOLENT TECHNIQUES FOR HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT RESOLUTION Abstract 88 Contextual Framework within the ACPB: 88 Methodology: 90 Global context of HWC 90 Conflict Management Strategies: 94 Retaliatory Actions and Violent Approaches 94 Lethal Control - Counterproductive 96 From Conflict to Co-existence 98 Safe and Non-Violent Approach 99 Table 3.1 Important Elements of HWC (WWF-Bhutan, 2016
  • See Foot Note 78) 99 Human Wildlife Conflict Policy 100 Implementing Agencies for HWC 102 Immune-contraception for population control 109 Translocation of Problem Animals 111 Alternative Livelihoods 113 Land-Use Planning and Landscape Management 113 Mitigation Measures 114 Compensation 115 Performance payments 117 Ecotourism and Revenue Sharing 119 Community Education 120 Understanding the Conflict Profile 121 Reporting 122 Information compilation, management and use: 123 Response - measures taken to alleviate a specific or ongoing HWC incident 123 Monitoring and Evaluation - measuring the performance of HWC management 124 Human Wildlife Conflict Situation in Bhutan 124 Underlying Forces of Human Wild-life Conflicts in Bhutan 124 Human Wildlife Conflict Situation in Bhutan 125 Preventive Measures 128 Mitigation Approach in Bhutan 131 Strategic Outcomes 132 Table 3.5 Strategic Intents contributing to the Safe System (WWF-Bhutan, 2016
  • See Foot Note 246). 132 Effective Monitoring and Evaluation 133 Conclusion and Recommendation 134 Non-violent and Safe Approach 134 Institutional Arrangement 135 Human Wildlife Conflict Policy & Legislation 136 Coping Techniques and Mechanisms 137 Hotspot Mapping 139 Physiological Sterilization of wildlife. 139 Table 3.6 Immunocontraceptive vaccines used in different animals: 141 Innovative Research Fund for farmers 142 Economic Responses to HWC 142 Alternative livelihoods 143 Regional Transboundary Conservation 143 Foot Notes 144 Annexure 3.1 Indicators of the Strategic Outcomes of People, Wildlife, Assets and Habitat 164 CHAPTER 4: ANIMAL RIGHTS AND PROTECTION Abstract 167 Buddhist Perspectives & Conservation Biology 174 Bhutanese Buddhism and the Segue To Contemporary Animal Protection Policies 177 National Law & Buddhist Ethics 179 State Monastic Body 181 Non-governmental Organizations (NGO) 182 Tshethar (Life Saving) Practices 183 Animal Health and Rescue Centers 185 Farming Systems and Livestock Population 186 Meat Consumption in Bhutan 188 Discussion and Recommendations on Animal Protection and Animal Rights 199 Animal Protection Policy of Bhutan 199 Population control of Livestock Animals 200 Institutionalization and Implementation Arrangement 200 Monitoring & Implementation 201 Dog Population Control 202 GNH Index for Animal Kingdom 205 References (1-125) 206 Annexure 4.1 God's Country: The New Zealand Factor, by Michael Charles Tobias and Jane Gray Morrison, Dancing Star Foundation, 2010. 215 CHAPTER 5: GAP ANALYSIS OF THREATENED, RARE AND UNDER-REPRESENTED SPECIES IN BHUTAN Abstract 222 Introduction 222 Impacts of Extinction of Species 226 Taxonomic Classification - Seven Kingdoms Model 227 Objectives 227 Methodology 227 Assessment of Under-Represented Species in Kingdoms 228 Under-Represented Species in Classification of Groups 231 Records of Species Groups under Animalia Kingdom 233 Vertebrates 233 Invertebrates 235 Species Groups under Plantae Kingdom 236 Tracheophytes 237 Chromista Kingdom 238 Fungi Kingdom 239 Protista Kingdom 241 Eubacteria Kingdom 242 Archaebacteria Kingdom 243 Assessment of Threatened Species 243 Conservation Status of Fish in Bhutan 246 Threatened Endemic Plants in Bhutan 247 Under-Representation of Medicinal Plants 276 Documentation of Agro-Biodiversity 277 Community Participation and Citizen Science 277 Discussion and Recommendations 278 Foot Notes 280 Annexure 5.1 List of Threatened Species of Plants (IUCN Status-2019) 284 Annexure 5.2 List of Threatened Species of Mammals in Bhutan (IUCN Status-2019) 285 Annexure 5.3 List of Threatened Species of Birds in Bhutan (IUCN) - 2019 NBC 287 Annexure 5.4 List of Threatened Fish Species 289 Annexure 5.5: List of Threatened Amphibian and Reptile Species 290 Annexure 5.6 Monotypic Species of Seed Plants under each Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species (Source Flora of Bhutan, Volume 1, 2 & 3) 290 CHAPTER 6: CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF THREATENED AND UNDER-REPRESENTED MAMMALIAN SPECIES Introduction. 293 Landscape Conservation Approach 293 Mammalian species 294 Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) Conservation 294 Recommendations for Conservation Strategies 295 Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) Conservation 296 Recommendation for Conservation Strategy of Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) 297 Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus Chrysogaster) and Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus leucogaster) Conservation 297 Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Musk Deer 299 Dhole (Cuon alpinus) Conservation Strategy 299 Recommendations for Dhole Conservation Strategy 300 Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei) Conservation Strategy 301 Recommendation for Conservation Strategy of Golden Langur 301 Conservation of Arunachal Macaque (Macaca munzala) 302 Conservation of Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus) 303 Conservation of Hog Deer (Axis Porcinus) 303 Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) Conservation 305 Discussion on Conservation of Bats 306 Foot Notes (1-131) 309 CHAPTER 7: CONSERVATION OF THREATENED AND UNDER-REPRESENTED SPECIES OF PLANTS Introduction 322 Endemic Plant Species 323 Monotypic Plant Species 323 Discussion on Threatened Orchids 323 Critically Endangered flowering plants 325 Endangered Flowering Plants: 325 Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Plant Species 326 Conservation of Bryophytes 328 Ecological significance of Bryophytes 329 Economic Uses of Bryophytes 329 Medicinal Use of Bryophytes 329 Bryophytes as Pollution indicators 329 Bryophytes in Science and Education 330 Threats to Bryophytes 330 Lesser Known Timber Species in Bhutan 331 Foot Notes 332 Annexure 7.1 Most commonly used timber species (Source: FRMD/DoFPS) 337 Annexure 7.2 High value timber with less utilization (Source: FRMD/DoFPS) 338 CHAPTER 8: CONSERVATION OF THREATENED BIRDS, REPTILES, FISHES AND PARASITES Birds Conservation 339 Conservation of White Bellied Heron (Ardea insignis) 340 Conservation of Vultures 341 Discussion on Conservation of White Winged Duck 342 Conservation Strategy of Baer's Pochard 342 Conservation Strategy of Eagles 343 Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Threatened Birds 343 Conservation of Turtles 344 Importance of Turtle Conservation 345 Conservation Strategies 346 Conservation of Threatened Fish Species 346 CHAPTER 9: CONSERVATION FOR FOOD SECURITY AND UNDER-REPRESENTED MICROBES Abstract 362 Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources 362 Agro-Biodiversity Gene Banks 363 Preservation under Permafrost Conditions 363 Microbial Conservation Strategies 364 FOOT NOTES

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