Sympatric diversification in the Upper Amazon : a revision of the Eumaeine Genus Paraspiculatus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
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Sympatric diversification in the Upper Amazon : a revision of the Eumaeine Genus Paraspiculatus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
（Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 649）
Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2017
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Includes bibliographical references
Summary: "The Neotropical lycaenid hairstreak genus Paraspiculatus is unusual because of a high frequency of sympatry in the Upper Amazon Basin coupled with negligible interspecific variation of male genitalic structures and absence of male secondary sexual traits. Male sexual structures are postulated to promote species recognition by females and to contribute to reproductive isolation, for which reason a high incidence of sympatry in Paraspiculatus would not be expected. A revision of Paraspiculatus was feasible because we increased the number of study specimens more than five-fold (by the extensive use of rotting fish as a bait for males) and sequenced the "barcode" part of the mitochondrial gene CO1 for almost all species. We recognize 19 Paraspiculatus species based on male wing patterns, of which ten are newly described and registered with ZooBank. We partition the 19 species into ten species complexes, which are monophyletic in all analyses of morphological characters, CO1 sequences, and a combined dat
