Engineering acoustics : noise and vibration control

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Engineering acoustics : noise and vibration control

Malcolm J. Crocker, Jorge P. Arenas

(Wiley series in acoustics, noise and vibration)

John Wiley & Sons, 2021

  • : hardback

Available at  / 5 libraries

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Includes bibliographical references and index

Description and Table of Contents

Description

ENGINEERING ACOUSTICS NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL A masterful introduction to the theory of acoustics along with methods for the control of noise and vibration In Engineering Acoustics: Noise and Vibration Control, two experts in the field review the fundamentals of acoustics, noise, and vibration. The authors show how this theoretical work can be applied to real-world problems such as the control of noise and vibration in aircraft, automobiles and trucks, machinery, and road and rail vehicles. Engineering Acoustics: Noise and Vibration Control covers a wide range of topics. The sixteen chapters include the following: Human hearing and individual and community response to noise and vibration Noise and vibration instrumentation and measurements Interior and exterior noise of aircraft as well as road and rail vehicles Methods for the control of noise and vibration in industrial equipment and machinery Use of theoretical models in absorptive and reactive muffler and silencer designs Practical applications of finite element, boundary element and statistical energy analysis Sound intensity theory, measurements, and applications Noise and vibration control in buildings How to design air-conditioning systems to minimize noise and vibration Readers, whether students, professional engineers, or community planners, will find numerous worked examples throughout the book, and useful references at the end of each chapter to support supplemental reading on specific topics. There is a detailed index and a glossary of terms in acoustics, noise, and vibration.

Table of Contents

Series Preface xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types of Noise and Vibration Signals 1 1.2.1 Stationary Signals 2 1.2.2 Nonstationary Signals 2 1.3 Frequency Analysis 3 1.3.1 Fourier Series 3 1.3.2 Nonperiodic Functions and the Fourier Spectrum 6 1.3.3 Random Noise 6 1.3.4 Mean Square Values 8 1.3.5 Energy and Power Spectral Densities 9 1.4 Frequency Analysis Using Filters 10 1.5 Fast Fourier Transform Analysis 15 References 17 2 Vibration of Simple and Continuous Systems 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 19 2.2.1 Period, Frequency, and Phase 20 2.2.2 Velocity and Acceleration 21 2.3 Vibrating Systems 23 2.3.1 Mass-Spring System 23 2.4 Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems 30 2.4.1 Free Vibration - Undamped 31 2.4.2 Forced Vibration - Undamped 34 2.4.3 Effect of Damping 36 2.5 Continuous Systems 38 2.5.1 Vibration of Beams 38 2.5.2 Vibration of Thin Plates 41 References 46 3 Sound Generation and Propagation 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Wave Motion 49 3.3 Plane Sound Waves 50 3.3.1 Sound Pressure 54 3.3.2 Particle Velocity 54 3.3.3 Impedance and Sound Intensity 55 3.3.4 Energy Density 55 3.3.5 Sound Power 56 3.4 Decibels and Levels 56 3.4.1 Sound Pressure Level 56 3.4.2 Sound Power Level 57 3.4.3 Sound Intensity Level 57 3.4.4 Combination of Decibels 58 3.5 Three-dimensional Wave Equation 60 3.6 Sources of Sound 61 3.6.1 Sound Intensity 63 3.7 Sound Power of Sources 63 3.7.1 Sound Power of Idealized Sound Sources 63 3.8 Sound Sources Above a Rigid Hard Surface 67 3.9 Directivity 68 3.9.1 Directivity Factor (Q( , )) 70 3.9.2 Directivity Index 71 3.10 Line Sources 71 3.11 Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, and Diffraction 72 3.12 Ray Acoustics 74 3.13 Energy Acoustics 75 3.14 Near Field, Far Field, Direct Field, and Reverberant Field 76 3.14.1 Reverberation 76 3.14.2 Sound Absorption 77 3.14.3 Reverberation Time 78 3.15 Room Equation 80 3.15.1 Critical Distance 81 3.15.2 Noise Reduction 82 3.16 Sound Radiation From Idealized Structures 82 3.17 Standing Waves 85 3.18 Waveguides 91 3.19 Other Approaches 92 3.19.1 Acoustical Lumped Elements 92 3.19.2 Numerical Approaches: Finite Elements and Boundary Elements 92 3.19.3 Acoustic Modeling Using Equivalent Circuits 93 References 93 4 Human Hearing, Speech and Psychoacoustics 95 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Construction of Ear and Its Working 95 4.2.1 Construction of the Ear 95 4.2.2 Working of the Ear Mechanism 98 4.2.3 Theories of Hearing 98 4.3 Subjective Response 99 4.3.1 Hearing Envelope 99 4.3.2 Loudness Measurement 99 4.3.3 Masking 103 4.3.4 Pitch 107 4.3.5 Weighted Sound Pressure Levels 108 4.3.6 Critical Bands 111 4.3.7 Frequency (Bark) 112 4.3.8 Zwicker Loudness 113 4.3.9 Loudness Adaptation 115 4.3.10 Empirical Loudness Meter 115 4.4 Hearing Loss and Diseases (Disorders) 116 4.4.1 Conduction Hearing Loss 116 4.4.2 Sensory-Neural Hearing Loss 117 4.4.3 Presbycusis 118 4.5 Speech Production 118 References 122 5 Effects of Noise, Vibration, and Shock on People 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Sleep Disturbance 125 5.3 Annoyance 126 5.4 Cardiovascular Effects 127 5.5 Cognitive Impairment 129 5.6 Infrasound, Low-Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound 130 5.7 Intense Noise and Hearing Loss 131 5.7.1 Theories for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 132 5.7.2 Impulsive and Impact Noise 133 5.8 Occupational Noise Regulations 134 5.8.1 Daily Noise Dose and Time-Weighted Average Calculation 137 5.9 Hearing Protection 140 5.9.1 Hearing Protectors 140 5.9.2 Hearing Conservation Programs 143 5.10 Effects of Vibration on People 144 5.11 Metrics to Evaluate Effects of Vibration and Shock on People 147 5.11.1 Acceleration Frequency Weightings 147 5.11.2 Whole-Body Vibration Dose Value 147 5.11.3 Evaluation of Hand-Transmitted Vibration 149 References 151 6 Description, Criteria, and Procedures Used to Determine Human Response to Noise and Vibration 155 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Loudness and Annoyance 155 6.3 Loudness and Loudness Level 156 6.4 Noisiness and Perceived Noise Level 157 6.4.1 Noisiness 157 6.4.2 Effective Perceived Noise Level 159 6.5 Articulation Index and Speech Intelligibility Index 160 6.6 Speech Interference Level 161 6.7 Indoor Noise Criteria 162 6.7.1 NC Curves 162 6.7.2 NR Curves 163 6.7.3 RC Curves 163 6.7.4 Balanced NC Curves 165 6.8 Equivalent Continuous SPL 166 6.9 Sound Exposure Level 167 6.10 Day-Night Equivalent SPL 168 6.11 Percentile SPLs 170 6.12 Evaluation of Aircraft Noise 170 6.12.1 Composite Noise Rating 171 6.12.2 Noise Exposure Forecast 172 6.12.3 Noise and Number Index 172 6.12.4 Equivalent A-Weighted SPL Leq, Day-Night Level Ldn, and Day-Evening-Night Level Lden 172 6.13 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 172 6.13.1 Traffic Noise Index 172 6.13.2 Noise Pollution Level 173 6.13.3 Equivalent SPL 173 6.14 Evaluation of Community Noise 174 6.15 Human Response 175 6.15.1 Sleep Interference 175 6.15.2 Annoyance 176 6.16 Noise Criteria and Noise Regulations 180 6.16.1 Noise Criteria 180 6.17 Human Vibration Criteria 182 6.17.1 Human Comfort in Buildings 182 6.17.2 Effect of Vibration on Buildings 184 References 185 7 Noise and Vibration Transducers, Signal Processing, Analysis, and Measurements 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Typical Measurement Systems 189 7.3 Transducers 190 7.3.1 Transducer Characteristics 191 7.3.2 Sensitivity 191 7.3.3 Dynamic Range 193 7.3.4 Frequency Response 195 7.4 Noise Measurements 195 7.4.1 Types of Microphones for Noise Measurements 196 7.4.2 Directivity 199 7.4.3 Transducer Calibration 199 7.5 Vibration Measurements 202 7.5.1 Principle of Seismic Mass Transducers 203 7.5.2 Piezoelectric Accelerometers 206 7.5.3 Measurement Difficulties 208 7.5.4 Calibration, Metrology, and Traceability of Shock and Vibration Transducers 211 7.6 Signal Analysis, Data Processing, and Specialized Noise And Vibration Measurements 211 7.6.1 Signal Analysis and Data Processing 211 7.6.2 Sound Level Meters (SLMs) and Dosimeters 211 7.6.3 Sound Power and Sound Intensity 212 7.6.4 Modal Analysis 212 7.6.5 Condition Monitoring 213 7.6.6 Advanced Noise and Vibration Analysis and Measurement Techniques 213 References 214 8 Sound Intensity, Measurements and Determination of Sound Power, Noise Source Identification, and Transmission Loss 217 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Historical Developments in the Measurement of Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity 217 8.3 Theoretical Background 221 8.4 Characteristics of Sound Fields 223 8.4.1 Active and Reactive Intensity 223 8.4.2 Plane Progressive Waves 223 8.4.3 Standing Waves 225 8.4.4 Vibrating Piston in a Tube 226 8.5 Active and Reactive Sound Fields 228 8.5.1 The Monopole Source 228 8.5.2 The Dipole Source 230 8.5.3 General Case 230 8.6 Measurement of Sound Intensity 232 8.6.1 The p-p Method 232 8.6.2 The p-u Method 246 8.6.3 The Surface Intensity Method 251 8.7 Applications 253 8.7.1 Sound Power Determination 255 8.7.2 Noise Source Identification 259 8.7.3 Noise Source Identification on a Diesel Engine Using Sound Intensity 259 8.7.4 Measurements of the Transmission Loss of Structures Using Sound Intensity 265 8.8 Comparison Between Sound Power Measurements Using Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure Methods 275 8.8.1 Sound Intensity Method 277 8.8.2 Sound Pressure Method 278 8.9 Standards for Sound Intensity Measurements 280 References 282 9 Principles of Noise and Vibration Control 287 9.1 Introduction 287 9.2 Systematic Approach to Noise Problems 287 9.2.1 Noise and Vibration Source Identification 288 9.2.2 Noise Reduction Techniques 290 9.3 Use of Vibration Isolators 290 9.3.1 Theory of Vibration Isolation 291 9.3.2 Machine Vibration 294 9.3.3 Use of Inertia Blocks 295 9.3.4 Other Considerations 296 9.4 Use of Damping Materials 296 9.4.1 Unconstrained Damping Layer 298 9.4.2 Constrained Damping Layer 299 9.5 Use of Sound Absorption 300 9.5.1 Sound Absorption Coefficient 300 9.5.2 Noise Reduction Coefficient 300 9.5.3 Absorption by Porous Fibrous Materials 301 9.5.4 Panel or Membrane Absorbers 306 9.5.5 Helmholtz Resonator Absorbers 307 9.5.6 Perforated Panel Absorbers 310 9.5.7 Slit Absorbers 312 9.5.8 Suspended Absorbers 314 9.5.9 Acoustical Spray-on Materials 314 9.5.10 Acoustical Plaster 315 9.5.11 Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficients 316 9.5.12 Optimization of the Reverberation Time 316 9.5.13 Reduction of the Sound Pressure Level in Reverberant Fields 318 9.6 Acoustical Enclosures 319 9.6.1 Reverberant Sound Field Model for Enclosures 319 9.6.2 Machine Enclosure in Free Field 320 9.6.3 Simple Enclosure Design Assuming Diffuse Reverberant Sound Fields 321 9.6.4 Close-Fitting Enclosures 325 9.6.5 Partial Enclosures 327 9.6.6 Other Considerations 328 9.7 Use of Barriers 330 9.7.1 Transmission Loss of Barriers 334 9.7.2 Use of Barriers Indoors 334 9.7.3 Reflections from the Ground 337 9.7.4 Use of Barriers Outdoors 338 9.8 Active Noise and Vibration Control 339 References 344 10 Mufflers and Silencers - Absorbent and Reactive Types 351 10.1 Introduction 351 10.2 Muffler Classification 351 10.3 Definitions of Muffler Performance 352 10.4 Reactive Mufflers 352 10.5 Historical Development of Reactive Muffler Theories 354 10.6 Classical Reactive Muffler Theory 358 10.6.1 Transmission Line Theory 358 10.6.2 TL of Resonators 359 10.6.3 NACA 1192 Study on Reactive Muffler TL 368 10.6.4 Transfer Matrix Theory 371 10.7 Exhaust System Modeling 374 10.7.1 Transmission Loss 374 10.7.2 Insertion Loss 375 10.7.3 Sound Pressure Radiated from Tailpipe 376 10.8 Tail Pipe Radiation Impedance, Source Impedance and Source Strength 377 10.8.1 Tail Pipe Radiation 377 10.8.2 Internal Combustion Engine Impedance and Source Strength 378 10.9 Numerical Modeling of Muffler Acoustical Performance 380 10.9.1 Finite Element Analysis 380 10.9.2 Boundary Element Analysis 388 10.9.3 TL of Concentric Tube Resonators 396 10.10 Reactive Muffler IL 403 10.11 Measurements of Source Impedance 403 10.12 Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Ducts 406 10.13 Historical Development of Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Duct Theories 406 10.14 Parallel-Baffle Mufflers 407 10.14.1 Embleton's Method [8] 408 10.14.2 Ver's Method [11, 12, 136] 409 10.14.3 Ingard's Method [149] 411 10.14.4 Bies and Hansen Method [14] 414 10.14.5 Mechel's Design Curves [152] 415 10.14.6 Ramakrishnan and Watson Curves [151] 416 10.14.7 Finite Element Approach for Attenuation of Parallel-Baffle Mufflers 418 References 420 11 Noise and Vibration Control of Machines 427 11.1 Introduction 427 11.2 Machine Element Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 427 11.2.1 Gears 427 11.2.2 Bearings 430 11.2.3 Fans and Blowers 433 11.2.4 Metal Cutting 438 11.2.5 Woodworking 439 11.3 Built-up Machines 443 11.3.1 Internal Combustion Engines 443 11.3.2 Electric Motors and Electrical Equipment 444 11.3.3 Compressors 446 11.3.4 Pumps 450 11.4 Noise Due to Fluid Flow 454 11.4.1 Valve-Induced Noise 454 11.4.2 Hydraulic System Noise 456 11.4.3 Furnace and Burner Noise 458 11.5 Noise Control of Industrial Production Machinery 459 11.5.1 Machine Tool Noise, Vibration, and Chatter 459 11.5.2 Sound Power Level for Industrial Machinery 460 References 460 12 Noise and Vibration Control in Buildings 465 12.1 Introduction 465 12.2 Sound Transmission Theory for Single Panels 466 12.2.1 Mass-Law Transmission Loss 466 12.2.2 Random Incidence Transmission Loss 469 12.2.3 The Coincidence Effect 474 12.3 Sound Transmission for Double and Multiple Panels 476 12.3.1 Sound Transmission Through Infinite Double Panels 476 12.3.2 London's Theory 477 12.3.3 Empirical Approach 480 12.4 Sound and Vibration Transmission and Structural Response Using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) 484 12.4.1 Introduction 484 12.4.2 SEA Fundamentals and Assumptions 484 12.4.3 Power Flow Between Coupled Systems 496 12.4.4 Modal Behavior of Panel 496 12.4.5 Use of SEA to Predict Sound Transmission Through Panels or Partitions 497 12.4.6 Design of Enclosures Using SEA 503 12.4.7 Optimization of Enclosure Attenuation 506 12.4.8 SEA Computer Codes 508 12.5 Transmission Through Composite Walls 508 12.6 Effects of Leaks and Flanking Transmission 511 12.7 Sound Transmission Measurement Techniques 514 12.7.1 Laboratory Methods of Measuring Transmission Loss 514 12.7.2 Measurements of Transmission Loss in the Field 519 12.8 Single-Number Ratings for Partitions 520 12.9 Impact Sound Transmission 523 12.9.1 Laboratory and Field Measurements of Impact Transmission 524 12.9.2 Rating of Impact Sound Transmission 526 12.10 Measured Airborne and Impact Sound Transmission (Insulation) Data 527 12.10.1 Gypsum Board Walls 528 12.10.2 Masonry Walls 528 12.10.3 Airborne and Impact Insulation of Floors 530 12.10.4 Doors and Windows 533 12.11 Sound Insulation Requirements 534 12.12 Control of Vibration of Buildings Caused by Strong Wind 541 12.12.1 Wind Excitation of Buildings 542 12.12.2 Structural Vibration Response of Buildings and Towers 544 12.12.3 Methods of Building Structure Vibration Reduction and Control 546 12.12.4 Human Response to Vibration and Acceptability Criteria 548 References 549 13 Design of Air-conditioning Systems for Noise and Vibration Control 557 13.1 Introduction 557 13.2 Interior Noise Level Design Criteria 558 13.3 General Features of a Ventilation System 558 13.3.1 HVAC Systems in Residential Homes 559 13.3.2 HVAC Systems in Large Buildings 559 13.3.3 Correct and Incorrect Installation of HVAC Systems 562 13.3.4 Sources of Noise and Causes of Complaints in HVAC Systems 564 13.4 Fan Noise 565 13.4.1 Types of Fans Used in HVAC Systems 568 13.4.2 Blade passing Frequency (BPF) 569 13.4.3 Fan Efficiency 571 13.4.4 Sound Power and Frequency Content of Fans 573 13.4.5 Sound Power Levels of Fans and Predictions 574 13.4.6 Prediction of Fan Sound Power Level 575 13.4.7 Importance of Proper Installation of Centrifugal Fans 577 13.4.8 Terminal Units (CAV, VAV, and Fan-Powered VAV Boxes) 579 13.5 Space Planning 581 13.6 Mechanical Room Noise and Vibration Control 583 13.6.1 Use of Floating Floors 584 13.6.2 Vibration Control of Equipment 588 13.6.3 Selection of Vibration Isolators 588 13.6.4 Vibration Isolation of Ducts, Pipes, and Wiring 596 13.7 Sound Attenuation in Ventilation Systems 598 13.7.1 Use of Fiberglass in Plenum Chambers, Mufflers, and HVAC Ducts 598 13.7.2 Attenuation of Plenum Chambers 598 13.7.3 Duct Attenuation 603 13.7.4 Sound Attenuators (Silencers) 607 13.7.5 Branches and Power Splits 609 13.7.6 Attenuation Due to End Reflection 610 13.7.7 Attenuation by Miter Bends 613 13.8 Sound Generation in Mechanical Systems 614 13.8.1 Elbow Noise 614 13.8.2 Take-off Noise 617 13.8.3 Grille Noise 618 13.8.4 Diffuser Noise 620 13.8.5 Damper Noise 620 13.9 Radiated Noise 621 13.9.1 Duct-Radiated Noise 623 13.9.2 Sound Breakout and Breakin From Ducts 624 13.9.3 Mixing Box Radiated Noise 627 13.9.4 Radiation From Fan Plenum Walls 628 13.9.5 Overall Sound Pressure Level Prediction 628 References 631 14 Surface Transportation Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 633 14.1 Introduction 633 14.2 Automobile and Truck Noise Sources and Control 633 14.2.1 Power Plant Noise and Its Control 635 14.2.2 Intake and Exhaust Noise and Muffler Design 639 14.2.3 Tire/Road Noise Sources and Control 640 14.2.4 Aerodynamic Noise Sources on Vehicles 642 14.2.5 Gearbox Noise and Vibration 643 14.2.6 Brake Noise Prediction and Control 644 14.3 Interior Road Vehicle Cabin Noise 644 14.3.1 Automobiles and Trucks 644 14.3.2 Off-Road Vehicles 649 14.4 Railroad and Rapid Transit Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 650 14.4.1 Wheel-Rail Interaction Noise 650 14.4.2 Interior Rail Vehicle Cabin Noise 651 14.5 Noise And Vibration Control in Ships 654 References 656 15 Aircraft and Airport Transportation Noise Sources and Control 661 15.1 Introduction 661 15.2 Jet Engine Noise Sources and Control 661 15.3 Propeller and Rotor Noise Sources and Control 663 15.4 Helicopter and Rotor Noise 663 15.5 Aircraft Cabin Noise and Vibration and Its Control 666 15.5.1 Passive Noise and Vibration Control 666 15.5.2 Active Noise and Vibration Control 668 15.6 Airport Noise Control 669 15.6.1 Noise Control at the Source 669 15.6.2 Airport-specific Noise Control Measures 670 References 673 16 Community Noise and Vibration Sources 677 16.1 Introduction 677 16.2 Assessment of Community Noise Annoyance 677 16.3 Community Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 680 16.3.1 Traffic Noise Sources 680 16.3.2 Rail System Noise Sources 683 16.3.3 Ground-Borne Vibration Transmission from Road and Rail Systems 683 16.3.4 Aircraft and Airport Noise Prediction and Control 684 16.3.5 Off-road Vehicle and Construction Equipment Exterior Noise Prediction and Control 687 16.3.6 Industrial and Commercial Noise in the Community 688 16.3.7 Construction and Building Site Noise 688 16.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 689 16.5 Environmental Noise and Vibration Attenuation 690 16.5.1 Attenuation Provided by Barriers, Earth Berms, Buildings, and Vegetation 690 16.5.2 Base Isolation of Buildings for Control of Ground-Borne Vibration 692 16.5.3 Noise Control Using Porous Road Surfaces 693 16.6 City Planning for Noise and Vibration Reduction and Soundscape Concepts 694 16.6.1 Community Noise Ordinances 694 16.6.2 Recommendations for Urban Projects 697 16.6.3 Strategic Noise Maps 697 16.6.4 Soundscapes 698 References 699 Glossary 705 Index 737

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