CiNii 図書 - Body sensations : the conscious aspects of interoception

The monograph aims to present the recent scientific knowledge on body sensations, i.e., conscious experiences that are localized or felt in the body from an internal perspective, regardless of their sensory origin. It summarizes the basic philosophical, evolutionary, neuroanatomical, psychological, and pathological aspects of the topic. Moreover, related phenomena, such as emotions, the placebo and nocebo effect, complementary and alternative medicine, and mind-body practices are discussed from the perspective of body sensations.

Foreword.............................................................................................................................................. 5 Preface.................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 9 The importance of body sensations............................................................................................ 9 A brief history of the scientific research on interoception........................................................ 10 Predictive processing................................................................................................................ 21 Structure of the book................................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 1. How did it start? An evolutionary approach to consciousness......................................... 27 The end of the paradise and its consequences.......................................................................... 27 The roots of subjectivity........................................................................................................... 31 Higher consciousness................................................................................................................ 35 Summary................................................................................................................................... 38 Take-home messages................................................................................................................ 38 Chapter 2. From the body to the brain: The biological background.................................................. 40 Homeostatic (afferent interoceptive) pathways........................................................................ 42 Somatosensory pathways.......................................................................................................... 48 Integration................................................................................................................................. 51 Affective aspects....................................................................................................................... 53 The origins of the self............................................................................................................... 56 A final word on body sensations............................................................................................... 61 Summary................................................................................................................................... 62 Take-home messages................................................................................................................ 62 Chapter 3. What can we sense? Individual differences in interoceptive accuracy............................ 63 General methodological considerations.................................................................................... 63 Early conditioning studies........................................................................................................ 66 Visceral modalities 1 - Heartbeat............................................................................................. 69 Visceral modalities 2 - Blood pressure.................................................................................... 78 Visceral modalities 3 - Respiratory modalities........................................................................ 79 Visceral modalities 4 - Gastric modalities............................................................................... 81 Visceral modalities 5 - Intestinal modalities............................................................................ 84 Visceral modalities 6 - Urinary system.................................................................................... 86 Visceral modalities 7 - Sexual excitement............................................................................... 87 Visceral modalities 8 - Other modalities.................................................................................. 88 Further homeostatic modalities 1 - Temperature..................................................................... 91 Further homeostatic modalities 2 - Itch................................................................................... 92 Further homeostatic modalities 3 - Pain.................................................................................. 93 Further homeostatic modalities 4 - Sensual or limbic touch.................................................... 96 Further homeostatic modalities 5 - Muscle fatigue and perceived exertion............................ 97 Further homeostatic modalities 6 - Smell and taste................................................................. 98 Somatosensory modalities 1 - Muscle tension and exertion.................................................... 99 Somatosensory modalities 2 - Joint position and movement................................................. 102 Somatosensory modalities 3 - Vestibular information........................................................... 103 Somatosensory modalities 4 - Tactile information................................................................. 104 The question of generalizability............................................................................................. 105 Pathological considerations.................................................................................................... 108 Summary................................................................................................................................. 108 Take-home messages............................................................................................................... 113 Chapter 4. What do we perceive? Individual differences in interoceptive sensitivity..................... 114 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 114 Historical roots........................................................................................................................ 115 Symptom reports..................................................................................................................... 116 Self-focused attention and body awareness............................................................................ 119 Issues with attention 1............................................................................................................ 122 The tingling sensation............................................................................................................. 125 Issues with attention 2............................................................................................................ 128 Bottom-up interoceptive attention - Early ideas.................................................................... 131 Bottom-up interoceptive attention - Reaction time tests........................................................ 134 Top-down interoceptive attention - Monitoring tendency..................................................... 135 Acute and generalized interoceptive sensibility..................................................................... 137 The evaluative aspect.............................................................................................................. 139 Summary................................................................................................................................. 142 Take-home messages.............................................................................................................. 144 Chapter 5. Can we trust our feelings? The discrepancy between actual and perceived events....... 145 Dissociable and non-dissociable modalities........................................................................... 145 Dissociation between actual and perceived events................................................................. 147 The perceptual accuracy hypothesis....................................................................................... 149 Models of hypochondriasis..................................................................................................... 150 Anxiety and stress - From repression to cardiovascular reactivity........................................ 151 False heart rate feedback studies and once again on the Schandry-test................................. 153 Interoceptive awareness.......................................................................................................... 155 Philosophical speculations...................................................................................................... 159 What about non-dissociable modalities?................................................................................ 159 Summary................................................................................................................................. 160 Take-home messages............................................................................................................. 162 Chapter 6. Putting everything together - Integrated models and pathological aspects of internal perception.......................................................................................................................................................... 163 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 163 The bottom-up approach 1 - Naive realism........................................................................... 164 The bottom-up approach 2 - Linear (unidirectional) models of symptom perception........... 165 Negative affect....................................................................................................................... 169 The top-down approach 1 - Non-linear models..................................................................... 172 The top-down approach 2 - Expectations.............................................................................. 175 The top-down approach 3 - Predictive processing................................................................. 178 The pathological aspects: dissociation, conversion, somatization......................................... 182 An example: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity...................................................................... 185 Summary................................................................................................................................. 188 Take-home messages.............................................................................................................. 188 Chapter 7. Interoception and emotions............................................................................................ 189 # to be completed.................................................................................................................... 189 Chapter 8. Negative consequences of what we don't feel or mistakenly feel.................................. 190 # to be completed.................................................................................................................... 190 Chapter 9. Positive consequences what we feel, accurately or mistakenly..................................... 191 # to be completed.................................................................................................................... 191 Epilogue........................................................................................................................................... 192 # to be completed.................................................................................................................... 192 References........................................................................................................................................ 193

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Body sensations : the conscious aspects of interoception

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