CiNii 図書 - Paragraphs

The Longman Academic Writing Series helps English language students master the writing skills needed to succeed in their academic careers. The five-level series spans writing topics from composing sentences to writing research papers. Each level covers the complete writing process from prewriting to revision. Level 2 teaches high-beginning to low-intermediate students to write varied academic paragraphs. The text's proven approach integrates training in grammar, mechanics, vocabulary, sentence structure, and paragraph organization along with the writing process.

To the Teacher....................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................x Chapter Overview................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1 Describing People ...........................................................................1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2 Prewriting .......................................................................................................................2 Asking Questions and Taking Notes...........................................................................2 Organization .................................................................................................................4 Looking at the Models..................................................................................................5 Looking at Vocabulary: Descriptive Adjectives ....................................................6 Formatting the Page ................................................................................................. 8 Grammar and Mechanics ......................................................................................14 Sentences.....................................................................................................................14 Capitalization...............................................................................................................18 Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................20 Simple Sentences.......................................................................................................20 Sentence Combining .................................................................................................24 Applying Vocabulary: Using Descriptive Adjectives............................................26 The Writing Process ................................................................................................27 Writing Assignment: A Paragraph about a Family Member...............................31 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................32 Expansion ....................................................................................................................33 Timed Writing: A Paragraph about Someone You Admire...................................33 Your Journal.................................................................................................................33 Chapter 2 Listing-Order Paragraphs.........................................................34 Introduction .................................................................................................................35 Prewriting .....................................................................................................................35 Clustering.....................................................................................................................35 Listing-Order Paragraphs .....................................................................................37 Looking at the Model..................................................................................................38 Looking at Vocabulary: Intensifiers........................................................................38 Organization ...............................................................................................................40 The Topic Sentence....................................................................................................40 Supporting Sentences................................................................................................47 Listing-Order Transition Signals................................................................................49 The Concluding Sentence..........................................................................................52 Outlining: Creating an Outline from a Cluster..........................................................56 Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................58 Compound Sentences................................................................................................58 Coordinating Conjunctions: And, But, Or, and So................................................61 Common Sentence Errors: Run-ons and Comma Splices...................................64 Applying Vocabulary: Using Intensifiers ..............................................................66 Writing Assignment: A Paragraph about a Career...............................................67 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................68 Expansion ....................................................................................................................69 Timed Writing: A Paragraph about a Boss.............................................................69 Your Journal.................................................................................................................69 Chapter 3 Giving Instructions.........................................................................70 Introduction .................................................................................................................71 Prewriting .....................................................................................................................71 Listing............................................................................................................................71 "How-To" Paragraphs .............................................................................................73 Looking at the Model..................................................................................................74 Looking at Vocabulary: Descriptive Adverbs.......................................................75 Organization ...............................................................................................................76 Topic Sentences and Concluding Sentences.........................................................76 Time-Order and Listing-Order Transition Signals...................................................78 Outlining: Creating an Outline from an Edited List..................................................83 Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................86 Independent and Dependent Clauses......................................................................86 Complex Sentences with Time Clauses..................................................................87 Common Sentence Errors: Fragments....................................................................91 Summary: Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences....................................92 Mechanics ...................................................................................................................96 Capitalization: Four More Rules...............................................................................96 Punctuation: Commas...............................................................................................99 Applying Vocabulary: Using Descriptive Adverbs..............................................102 Writing Assignment: A "How-To" Paragraph......................................................103 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................104 Expansion ..................................................................................................................104 Timed Writing: A Paragraph about How to Do Well in a Class..........................104 Your Journal...............................................................................................................105 Chapter 4 Describing with Space Order...............................................106 Introduction ...............................................................................................................107 Prewriting ...................................................................................................................107 Listing Descriptive Details........................................................................................107 Descriptive Paragraphs .......................................................................................110 Space Order...............................................................................................................110 Looking at the Model................................................................................................111 Looking at Vocabulary: Prepositions of Place...................................................112 Organization .............................................................................................................113 Topic Sentences and Concluding Sentences.......................................................113 Supporting Sentences with Specific Details.........................................................115 Outlining: Creating an Outline for a Descriptive Paragraph.................................118 Grammar ....................................................................................................................120 Adjectives...................................................................................................................120 Order of Adjectives...................................................................................................123 Sentence Structure ................................................................................................126 Prepositions...............................................................................................................126 Prepositional Phrases...............................................................................................127 Applying Vocabulary: Using Prepositions of Place............................................132 Writing Assignment: A Paragraph Describing a Special Place........................133 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................134 Expansion ..................................................................................................................135 Timed Writing: A Paragraph Describing a Public Space....................................135 Your Journal...............................................................................................................135 Chapter 5 Stating Reasons and Using Examples..........................136 Introduction ...............................................................................................................137 Prewriting ...................................................................................................................137 Listing and Outlining with Reasons and Examples..............................................137 Paragraphs with Reasons and Examples .....................................................140 Looking at the Model................................................................................................140 Looking at Vocabulary: Words that Describe Geography................................141 Organization .............................................................................................................142 Reasons and Examples............................................................................................142 Transition Signals that Introduce Reasons............................................................146 Transition Signals that Introduce Examples..........................................................148 Conclusion Signals....................................................................................................150 Sentence Structure ................................................................................................151 Complex Sentences with Reason and Condition Clauses..................................151 Mechanics .................................................................................................................156 Capitalization: Two More Rules..............................................................................156 Punctuation: Four More Comma Rules.................................................................158 Applying Vocabulary: Using Nouns that Describe Geography........................160 Writing Assignment: A Paragraph Recommending an Area.............................161 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................162 Expansion ..................................................................................................................162 Timed Writing: A Paragraph about a Place for a Day Trip..................................162 Your Journal...............................................................................................................163 Chapter 6 Expressing Your Opinion.........................................................164 Introduction ...............................................................................................................165 Prewriting ...................................................................................................................165 Getting Ideas from Reading.....................................................................................165 Opinion Paragraphs ..............................................................................................168 Looking at the Model................................................................................................168 Looking at Vocabulary: Word Forms...................................................................169 Organization .............................................................................................................171 Facts and Opinions...................................................................................................171 Transition Signals in Opinion Paragraphs..............................................................173 Sentence Structure ................................................................................................178 Adjective Clauses with Who, Which, and That.....................................................178 Punctuating Adjective Clauses................................................................................180 Complex Sentences with Adjective Clauses.........................................................182 More about Fragments.............................................................................................185 Mechanics .................................................................................................................188 Quotation Marks........................................................................................................188 Applying Vocabulary: Using Word Forms............................................................189 Writing Assignment: A Paragraph that Expresses an Opinion.........................190 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................191 Expansion ..................................................................................................................191 Timed Writing: An Opinion Paragraph about Cheating......................................191 Your Journal...............................................................................................................192 Appendices Appendix A More Ideas for Journal Writing...........................................................193 Appendix B Grammar Terms....................................................................................194 Appendix C Sentence Types....................................................................................196 Appendix D Transition Signals.................................................................................198 Appendix E Mechanics.............................................................................................199 Appendix F Correction Symbols..............................................................................203 Appendix G Peer Review and Writer's Self-Check Worksheets.........................206 Index....................................................................................................................................218 Credits.................................................................................................................................222

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