CiNii 図書 - Environmental and agricultural microbiology : applications for sustainability

Environmental and Agricultural Microbiology Uniquely reveals the state-of-the-art microbial research/advances in the environment and agriculture fields Environmental and Agricultural Microbiology: Applications for Sustainability is divided into two parts which embody chapters on sustenance and life cycles of microorganisms in various environmental conditions, their dispersal, interactions with other inhabited communities, metabolite production, and reclamation. Though books pertaining to soil & agricultural microbiology/environmental biotechnology are available, there is a dearth of comprehensive literature on the behavior of microorganisms in the environmental and agricultural realm. Part 1 includes bioremediation of agrochemicals by microalgae, detoxification of chromium and other heavy metals by microbial biofilm, microbial biopolymer technology including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB), their production, degradability behaviors, and applications. Biosurfactants production and their commercial importance are also systematically represented in this part. Part 2 having 9 chapters, facilitates imperative ideas on approaches for sustainable agriculture through functional soil microbes, next-generation crop improvement strategies via rhizosphere microbiome, production and implementation of liquid biofertilizers, mitigation of methane from livestock, chitinases from microbes, extremozymes, an enzyme from extremophilic microorganism and their relevance in current biotechnology, lithobiontic communities, and their environmental importance, have all been comprehensively elaborated. In the era of sustainable energy production, biofuel and other bioenergy products play a key role, and their production from microbial sources are frontiers for researchers. The final chapter unveils the importance of microbes and their consortia for management of solid waste in amalgamation with biotechnology Audience The book will be read by environmental microbiologists, biotechnologists, chemical and agricultural engineers.

Preface xvii Part 1: Microbial Bioremediation and Biopolymer Technology 1 1 A Recent Perspective on Bioremediation of Agrochemicals by Microalgae: Aspects and Strategies 3 Prithu Baruah and Neha Chaurasia 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Pollution Due to Pesticides 6 1.2.1 Acute Effects 8 1.2.2 Chronic Effects 9 1.3 Microalgal Species Involved in Bioremediation of Pesticides 9 1.4 Strategies for Phycoremediation of Pesticides 13 1.4.1 Involvement of Enzymes in Phycoremediation of Pesticides 13 1.4.2 Use of Genetically Engineered Microalgae 13 1.5 Molecular Aspects of Pesticide Biodegradation by Microalgae 14 1.6 Factor Affecting Phycoremediation of Pesticides 16 1.6.1 Biological Factor 16 1.6.2 Chemical Factor 16 1.6.3 Environment Factor 17 1.7 Benefit and Shortcomings of Phycoremediation 17 1.7.1 Benefits 17 1.7.2 Shortcomings 17 1.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 18 References 18 2 Microalgal Bioremediation of Toxic Hexavalent Chromium: A Review 25 Pritikrishna Majhi, Satyabrata Nayak and Saubhagya Manjari Samantaray 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Chromium Cycle 27 2.2 Effects of Hexavalent Chromium Toxicity 27 2.2.1 Toxicity to Microorganisms 27 2.2.2 Toxicity to Plant Body 28 2.2.3 Toxicity to Animals 29 2.3 Chromium Bioremediation by Microalgae 30 2.3.1 Cyanobacteria 30 2.3.2 Green Algae 31 2.3.3 Diatoms 31 2.4 Mechanism Involved in Hexavalent Chromium Reduction in Microalgae 32 2.5 Conclusion 33 References 34 3 Biodetoxification of Heavy Metals Using Biofilm Bacteria 39 Adyasa Barik, Debasish Biswal, A. Arun and Vellaisamy Balasubramanian 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Source and Toxicity of Heavy Metal Pollution 41 3.2.1 Non-Essential Heavy Metals 42 3.2.1.1 Arsenic 42 3.2.1.2 Cadmium 43 3.2.1.3 Chromium 43 3.2.1.4 Lead 44 3.2.1.5 Mercury 45 3.2.2 Essential Heavy Metals 45 3.2.2.1 Copper 45 3.2.2.2 Zinc 46 3.2.2.3 Nickel 46 3.3 Biofilm Bacteria 47 3.4 Interaction of Metal and Biofilm Bacteria 47 3.5 Biodetoxification Mechanisms 48 3.5.1 Biosorption 48 3.5.2 Bioleaching 50 3.5.3 Biovolatilization 52 3.5.4 Bioimmobilization 54 3.6 Conclusion 55 References 55 4 Microbial-Derived Polymers and Their Degradability Behavior for Future Prospects 63 Mohammad Asif Ali, Aniruddha Nag and Maninder Singh 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Polyamides 65 4.2.1 Bioavailability and Production 66 4.2.2 Biodegradability of Polyamides 66 4.2.3 Degradation of Nylon 4 Under the Soil 67 4.2.4 Fungal Degradation of Nylon 6 and Nylon 66 (Synthetic Polyamide) 67 4.2.5 Itaconic Acid-Based Heterocyclic Polyamide 68 4.2.6 Summary and Future Development 69 4.3 Polylactic Acid 69 4.3.1 Availability and Production 70 4.3.2 Polymerization Method 71 4.3.3 Biodegradability of Polylactic Acid 73 4.3.4 Copolymerization Method 73 4.3.5 Blending Method 73 4.3.6 Nanocomposite Formation 74 4.3.7 Summary 74 4.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 74 4.4.1 Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 75 4.4.2 Application of PHAs 75 4.4.3 Biodegradability of PHAs 76 4.4.4 Degradability Methods 76 4.4.5 Summary 77 4.5 Conclusion and Future Development 77 References 78 5 A Review on PHAs: The Future Biopolymer 83 S. Mohapatra, K. Vishwakarma, N. C. Joshi, S. Maity, R. Kumar, M. Ramchander, S. Pattnaik and D. P. Samantaray 5.1 Introduction 84 5.2 Green Plastic: Biodegradable Polymer Used as Plastic 85 5.3 Difference Between Biopolymer and Bioplastic 88 5.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 88 5.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Its Applications 89 5.6 Microorganisms Producing PHAs 90 5.7 Advantages 96 5.8 Conclusion and Future Prospective 96 References 96 6 Polyhydroxybutyrate as an Eco-Friendly Alternative of Synthetic Plastics 101 Shikha Sharma, Priyanka Sharma, Vishal Sharma and Bijender Kumar Bajaj 6.1 Introduction 102 6.2 Bioplastics 104 6.3 Bioplastics vs. Petroleum-Based Plastics 106 6.4 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers 107 6.5 PHB-Producing Bacteria 109 6.6 Methods for Detecting PHB Granules 113 6.7 Biochemical Pathway for Synthesis of PHB 114 6.8 Production of PHB 116 6.8.1 Process Optimization for PHB Production 117 6.8.2 Optimization of PHB Production by One Variable at a Time Approach 118 6.8.3 Statistical Approaches for PHB Optimization 120 6.9 Production of PHB Using Genetically Modified Organisms 123 6.10 Characterization of PHB 125 6.11 Various Biochemical Techniques Used for PHB Characterization 126 6.11.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 127 6.11.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 127 6.11.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis 128 6.11.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) 128 6.11.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 128 6.11.6 Microscopic Techniques 129 6.11.7 Elemental Analysis 130 6.11.8 Polarimetry 130 6.11.9 Molecular Size Analysis 130 6.12 Biodegradation of PHB 131 6.13 Application Spectrum of PHB 132 6.14 Conclusion 135 6.15 Future Perspectives 135 Acknowledgements 136 References 136 7 Microbial Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and Their Applications 151 N.N.N. Anitha and Rajesh K. Srivastava 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Conventional Plastics and Its Issues in Utility 156 7.2.1 Synthetic Plastic and Its Accumulation or Degradation Impacts 158 7.3 Bioplastics 159 7.3.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 160 7.3.1.1 Microorganisms in the Production of PHAs 164 7.4 Fermentation for PHAs Production 171 7.5 Downstream Process for PHAs 173 7.6 Conclusions 175 References 176 8 Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Sustainable Smart Packaging of Fruits 183 S. Pati, S. Mohapatra, S. Maity, A. Dash and D. P. Samantaray 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Physiological Changes of Fresh Fruits During Ripening and Minimal Processing 185 8.3 Smart Packaging 186 8.4 Biodegradable Polymers for Fruit Packaging 188 8.5 Legal Aspects of Smart Packaging 189 8.6 Pros and Cons of Smart Packaging Using PHAs 189 8.7 Conclusion 190 References 191 9 Biosurfactants Production and Their Commercial Importance 197 Saishree Rath and Rajesh K. Srivastava 9.1 Introduction 198 9.2 Chemical Surfactant Compounds 200 9.2.1 Biosurfactant Compounds 202 9.3 Properties of Biosurfactant Compound 205 9.3.1 Activities of Surface and Interface Location 205 9.3.2 Temperature and pH Tolerance 205 9.3.3 Biodegradability 206 9.3.4 Low Toxicity 206 9.3.5 Emulsion Forming and Breaking 206 9.4 Production of Biosurfactant by Microbial Fermentation 206 9.4.1 Factors Influencing the Production of Biosurfactants 209 9.4.1.1 Environmental Conditions 209 9.4.1.2 Carbon Substrates 210 9.4.1.3 Estimation of Biosurfactants Activity 211 9.5 Advantages, Microorganisms Involved, and Applications of Biosurfactants 211 9.5.1 Advantages of Using Biosurfactants 211 9.5.1.1 Easy Raw Materials for Biosurfactant Biosynthesis 211 9.5.1.2 Low Toxic Levels for Environment 211 9.5.1.3 Best Operation With Surface and Interface Activity 212 9.5.1.4 Good Biodegradability 212 9.5.1.5 Physical Variables 212 9.5.2 Microbial Sources 212 9.5.3 Production of Biosurfactants 213 9.5.3.1 Production of Rhamnolipids 213 9.5.3.2 Regulation of Rhamnolipids Synthesis 214 9.5.3.3 Commercial Use of Biosurfactants 214 9.6 Conclusions 215 References 216 Part 2: Microbes in Sustainable Agriculture and Biotechnological Applications 219 10 Functional Soil Microbes: An Approach Toward Sustainable Horticulture 221 C. Sarathambal, R. Dinesh and V. Srinivasan 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Rhizosphere Microbial Diversity 222 10.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria 223 10.3.1 Nitrogen Fixation 224 10.3.2 Production of Phytohormones 225 10.3.3 Production of Enzymes That can Transform Crop Growth 225 10.3.4 Microbial Antagonism 226 10.3.5 Solubilization of Minerals 226 10.3.6 Siderophore and Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Production 228 10.3.7 Cyanide (HCN) Production 229 10.3.8 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Growth of Horticultural Crops 229 10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 235 References 235 11 Rhizosphere Microbiome: The Next-Generation Crop Improvement Strategy 243 M. Anandaraj, S. Manivannan and P. Umadevi 11.1 Introduction 244 11.2 Rhizosphere Engineering 245 11.3 Omics Tools to Study Rhizosphere Metagenome 246 11.3.1 Metagenomics 246 11.3.2 Metaproteomics 248 11.3.3 Metatranscriptomics 249 11.3.4 Ionomics 250 11.4 As Next-Generation Crop Improvement Strategy 251 11.5 Conclusion 252 References 252 12 Methane Emission and Strategies for Mitigation in Livestock 257 Nibedita Sahoo, Swati Pattnaik, Matrujyoti Pattnaik and Swati Mohapatra 12.1 Introduction 258 12.2 Contribution of Methane from Livestock 259 12.3 Methanogens 259 12.3.1 Rumen Microbial Community 260 12.3.2 Methanogens Found in Rumen 260 12.3.3 Enrichment of Methanogens from Rumen Liquor 261 12.3.4 Screening for Methane Production 261 12.3.5 Isolation of Methanogens 261 12.3.6 Molecular Characterization 261 12.4 Methanogenesis: Methane Production 262 12.4.1 Pathways of Methanogenesis 262 12.4.2 Pathway of CO2 Reduction 262 12.4.3 CO2 Reduction to Formyl-Methanofuran 263 12.4.4 Conversion of the Formyl Group from Formyl-Methanofuran to Formyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin 263 12.4.5 Formation of Methenyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin 263 12.4.6 Reduction of Methenyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin to Methyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin 263 12.4.7 Reduction of Methyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin to Methyl-S-Coenzyme M 264 12.4.8 Reduction of Methyl-S-Coenzyme M to CH4 264 12.5 Strategies for Mitigation of Methane Emission 264 12.5.1 Dietary Manipulation 264 12.5.1.1 Increasing Dry Matter Intake 264 12.5.1.2 Increasing Ration Concentrate Fraction 265 12.5.1.3 Supplementation of Lipid 265 12.5.1.4 Protozoa Removal 266 12.5.2 Feed Additives 266 12.5.2.1 Ionophore Compounds 266 12.5.2.2 Halogenated Methane Compound 267 12.5.2.3 Organic Acid 267 12.5.3 Microbial Feed Additives 268 12.5.3.1 Vaccination 268 12.5.3.2 Bacteriophages and Bacteriocins 269 12.5.4 Animal Breeding and Selection 270 12.6 Conclusion 270 References 271 13 Liquid Biofertilizers and Their Applications: An Overview 275 Avro Dey 13.1 Introduction 275 13.1.1 Chemical Fertilizer and its Harmful Effect 277 13.2 Biofertilizers "Boon for Mankind" 278 13.3 Carrier-Based Biofertilizers 279 13.3.1 Solid Carrier-Based Biofertilizers 279 13.3.2 Liquid Biofertilizer 279 13.4 Sterilization of the Carrier 282 13.5 Merits of Using Liquid Biofertilizer Over Solid Carrier-Based Biofertilizer 282 13.6 Types of Liquid Biofertilizer 283 13.7 Production of Liquid Biofertilizers 285 13.7.1 Isolation of the Microorganism 285 13.7.2 Preparation of Medium and Growth Condition 285 13.7.3 Culture and Preservation 286 13.7.4 Preparation of Liquid Culture 286 13.7.5 Fermentation and Mass Production 287 13.7.6 Formulation of the Liquid Biofertilizers 287 13.8 Applications of Biofertilizers 288 13.9 Conclusion 290 References 291 14 Extremozymes: Biocatalysts From Extremophilic Microorganisms and Their Relevance in Current Biotechnology 293 Khushbu Kumari Singh and Lopamudra Ray 14.1 Introduction 294 14.2 Extremophiles: The Source of Novel Enzymes 295 14.2.1 Thermophilic Extremozymes 296 14.2.2 Psychrophilic Extremozymes 299 14.2.3 Halophilic Extremozymes 300 14.2.4 Alkaliphilic/Acidiophilic Extremozymes 300 14.2.5 Piezophilic Extremozymes 301 14.3 The Potential Application of Extremozymes in Biotechnology 301 14.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 303 References 304 15 Microbial Chitinases and Their Applications: An Overview 313 Suraja Kumar Nayak, Swapnarani Nayak, Swaraj Mohanty, Jitendra Kumar Sundaray and Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra 15.1 Introduction 314 15.2 Chitinases and Its Types 315 15.3 Sources of Microbial Chitinase 317 15.3.1 Bacterial Chitinases 317 15.3.2 Fungal Chitinases 319 15.3.3 Actinobacteria 321 15.3.4 Viruses/Others 322 15.4 Genetics of Microbial Chitinase 322 15.5 Biotechnological Advances in Microbial Chitinase Production 323 15.5.1 Media Components 324 15.5.2 Physical Parameters 325 15.5.3 Modes and Methods of Fermentation 325 15.5.4 Advances Biotechnological Methods 326 15.6 Applications of Microbial Chitinases 327 15.6.1 Agricultural 328 15.6.1.1 Biopesticides 328 15.6.1.2 Biocontrol 328 15.6.2 Biomedical 329 15.6.3 Pharmaceutical 329 15.6.4 Industrial 330 15.6.5 Environmental 330 15.6.5.1 Waste Management 331 15.6.6 Others 331 15.7 Conclusion 332 References 332 16 Lithobiontic Ecology: Stone Encrusting Microbes and their Environment 341 Abhik Mojumdar, Himadri Tanaya Behera and Lopamudra Ray 16.1 Introduction 341 16.2 Diversity of Lithobionts and Its Ecological Niche 342 16.2.1 Epiliths 342 16.2.2 Endoliths 343 16.2.3 Hypoliths 344 16.3 Colonization Strategies of Lithobionts 345 16.3.1 Temperature 346 16.3.2 Water Availability 346 16.3.3 Light Availability 347 16.4 Geography of Lithobbiontic Coatings 348 16.4.1 Bacteria 348 16.4.2 Cyanobacteria 349 16.4.3 Fungi 349 16.4.4 Algae 349 16.4.5 Lichens 350 16.5 Impacts of Lithobiontic Coatings 351 16.5.1 On Organic Remains 351 16.5.2 On Rock Weathering 351 16.5.3 On Rock Coatings 352 16.6 Role of Lithobionts in Harsh Environments 352 16.7 Conclusion 353 Acknowledgement 353 References 353 17 Microbial Intervention in Sustainable Production of Biofuels and Other Bioenergy Products 361 Himadri Tanaya Behera, Abhik Mojumdar, Smruti Ranjan Das, Chiranjib Mohapatra and Lopamudra Ray 17.1 Introduction 362 17.2 Biomass 363 17.3 Biofuel 364 17.3.1 Biodiesel 365 17.3.1.1 Microalgae in Biodiesel Production 365 17.3.1.2 Oleaginous Yeasts in Biodiesel Production 366 17.3.1.3 Oleaginous Fungi in Biodiesel Production 366 17.3.1.4 Bacteria in Biodiesel Production 367 17.3.2 Bioalcohol 367 17.3.2.1 Bioethanol 367 17.3.2.2 Biobutanol 368 17.3.3 Biogas 369 17.3.4 Biohydrogen 369 17.4 Other Bioenergy Products 370 17.4.1 Microbial Fuel Cells 370 17.4.1.1 Microbes Used in MFCs 372 17.4.1.2 Future Aspects of Microbial Fuel Cells 372 17.4.2 Microbial Nanowires in Bioenergy Application 374 17.4.2.1 Pili 375 17.4.2.2 Outer Membranes and Extended Periplasmic Space 375 17.4.2.3 Unknown Type-MNWs Whose Identity to be Confirmed 375 17.4.3 Microbial Nanowires in Bioenergy Production 376 17.5 Conclusion 376 References 376 18 Role of Microbes and Microbial Consortium in Solid Waste Management 383 Rachana Jain, Lopa Pattanaik, Susant Kumar Padhi and Satya Narayan Naik 18.1 Introduction 384 18.2 Types of Solid Waste 384 18.2.1 Domestic Wastes 385 18.2.2 Institutional and Commercial Wastes 385 18.2.3 Wastes From Street Cleansing 385 18.2.4 Industrial Wastes 385 18.2.5 Nuclear Wastes 385 18.2.6 Agricultural Wastes 385 18.3 Waste Management in India 386 18.4 Solid Waste Management 390 18.4.1 Municipal Solid Waste Management 390 18.5 Solid Waste Management Techniques 390 18.5.1 Incineration 392 18.5.2 Pyrolysis and Gasification 392 18.5.3 Landfilling 393 18.5.4 Aerobic Composting 394 18.5.5 Vermicomposting 397 18.5.6 Anaerobic Digestion 401 18.5.6.1 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 402 18.5.6.2 Fermentation 402 18.5.6.3 Acetogenesis 403 18.5.6.4 Methanogenesis 403 18.5.7 Bioethanol From Various Solid Wastes 404 18.6 Conclusion 413 References 413 Index 423

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Environmental and agricultural microbiology : applications for sustainability

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