Recueil des cours : collected courses of the Hague Academy of International Law

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Recueil des cours : collected courses of the Hague Academy of International Law

Brill Nijhoff, c2022

  • t. 424 : 2022

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注記

At head of title: Académie de droit international

Includes bibliographical references (p. [673]-726)

収録内容

  • International law of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament / by Masahiko Asada

内容説明・目次

内容説明

Watch the interview with Masahiko Asada on International Law of Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Masahiko ASADA, International Law of Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament

目次

Excerpt of Table of Contents: Acknowledgments 29 Introduction 31 Chapter I. Verification of compliance with the NPT obligations 38 Introduction 38 A. Initial attempts to verify non-manufacturing of nuclear weapons. . . 43 B. Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement 49 1. Relationship between the NPT and IAEA safeguards: The question of non-proscribed military use 49 2. Main content of comprehensive safeguards 53 C. Iraq's attempted development of nuclear weapons and safeguards reform 61 1. Revelation of the nuclear weapons development in Iraq and the reaffirmation of the Agency's right to undertake special inspection 61 2. Special inspection in the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement. 65 3. Special inspection in the North Korean nuclear crisis context . . 73 4. Early provision of design information 75 5. Universal reporting 78 D. The IAEA's "Programme 93+2" 83 1. Part 1 of "Programme 93+2" 83 2. Part 2 of "Programme 93+2": Additional Protocol 86 E. Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement and the verification of correctness and completeness of States' declarations 97 1. Statements for the CSA covering verification of both correctness and completeness of declarations 98 2. Arguments underpinning completeness proposition and counter- arguments against them 100 3. Decisions of the Board of Governors as subsequent agreements/ practice 104 4. True substance of the completeness proposition 111 5. Possible sources of misunderstanding of the completeness propo- sition 113 Conclusion 116 Chapter II. Withdrawal from the NPT discussion in the context of the north korean case 118 Introduction 118 A. History of North Korean nuclear development 120 1. North Korea's incorporation into the nuclear non-proliferation regime 120 2. First North Korean nuclear crisis (phase 1): North Korea's announcement of withdrawal from the NPT and of its suspension in 1993 122 3. First North Korean nuclear crisis (phase 2): De-fueling of the reactor and the Agreed Framework of October 1994 127 4. Second North Korean nuclear crisis: Announcement of withdrawal from the NPT in 2003 131 B. North Korea's status under the NPT 135 1. Withdrawal clause of the NPT and four possible interpretations of North Korea's status under the NPT 135 2. North Korean argument and the IAEA's response 136 3. Other possible interpretations 142 C. North Korea's obligations under the IAEA Safeguards Agreement and the Agreed Framework 150 1. Legal basis of IAEA's monitoring of the freeze under the Agreed Framework 150 2. Agreed Framework as a political document 152 D. Proposals to prevent and counter a withdrawal from the NPT 155 1. Proposals made at NPT Conferences and elsewhere 155 2. Prohibition of withdrawal by a defaulting State 158 3. Involvement of the Security Council or NPT Conferences 160 4. Continued application of safeguards and the return of transferred items 164 Conclusion 168 Chapter III. Restrictions on sensitive nuclear transfer and the universali- zation of the Additional Protocol discussion in the context of the Iranian case 172 Introduction 172 A. Iranian nuclear issue and the responses of the IAEA and the Security Council 174 1. Iran's incorporation into the nuclear non-proliferation regime and the emergence of nuclear suspicion 174 2. Tehran Agreed Statement of 2003 and Paris Agreement of 2004 178 3. IAEA's finding of Iran's non-compliance in 2005 and its submission of the case to the Security Council in 2006 182 B. ElBaradei and Bush proposals to reinforce the nuclear non-proli- feration regime 186 C. Restrictions on sensitive nuclear transfer 189 1. G8's and NSG's restrictions on sensitive nuclear transfer 189 2. IAEA's multilateral nuclear approaches 202 3. Bilateral nuclear cooperation agreements 205 D. Universalization of the Additional Protocol 212 1. Universalization of the Additional Protocol through interpretation 214 2. Conditionality of the Additional Protocol for nuclear transfers. . 230 Conclusion 246 Chapter IV. Nuclear non-proliferation sanctions discussion in the context of the Iranian and North Korean cases 250 Introduction 250 A. Definition of sanctions 251 B. Concept and legal justification of UN sanctions 255 1. Mandatory and non-mandatory Security Council measures as sanctions 256 2. Legal justification of per se illegal mandatory UN sanctions. . . 259 3. Legal justification of per se illegal non-mandatory UN sanctions 265 C. North Korean and Iranian nuclear issues and UN sanctions 280 1.North Korea 281 2. Iran 307 D. Concept and legal justification of autonomous sanctions 326 1. Concept of autonomous sanctions 326 2. Legal justification of autonomous sanctions as countermeasures . 330 E. Iranian nuclear issue and autonomous sanctions 343 4. EU autonomous sanctions against Iran and their per se illegal nature 343 5. ILC Articles on State Responsibility and the autonomous sanctions against Iran 351 Conclusion 366 Chapter IV. Nuclear non-proliferation sanctions discussion in the context of the Iranian and North Korean cases 250 Introduction 250 Definition of sanctions 251 A. Concept and legal justification of UN sanctions 255 1. Mandatory and non-mandatory Security Council measures as sanctions 256 2. Legal justification of per se illegal mandatory UN sanctions. . . 259 3. Legal justification of per se illegal non-mandatory UN sanctions 265 B. North Korean and Iranian nuclear issues and UN sanctions 280 1. North Korea 281 2. Iran 307 C. Concept and legal justification of autonomous sanctions 326 1. Concept of autonomous sanctions 326 D. Legal justification of autonomous sanctions as countermeasures . 330 Iranian nuclear issue and autonomous sanctions 343 1. EU autonomous sanctions against Iran and their per se illegal nature 343 2. ILC Articles on State Responsibility and the autonomous sanctions against Iran 351 Conclusion 366 Chapter V. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 370 Introduction 370 Overview of the CTBT 374 1. Comprehensive ban on nuclear testing 374 2. Verification of the comprehensive nuclear test ban 377 B. Non-entry into force of the CTBT and the comprehensive ban on nuclear testing 380 1. Customary rule on a comprehensive nuclear test ban 381 2. Obligation of signatory and ratifier States prior to the entry into force of a treaty 385 C. Non-entry into force of the CTBT and verification of the comprehensive nuclear test ban 415 1. International Monitoring System 415 2. On-site inspection 450 Conclusion 460 Chapter VI. Negative security assurances 463 Introduction 463 A. Nuclear-free zones and negative security assurances 464 1. Tlatelolco Protocol and the declarations by the nuclear-weapon States 464 2. Legal nature of the declarations made by the nuclear-weapon States to the Tlatelolco Protocol 469 3. Legal effects of the declarations made by the nuclear-weapon States to the Tlatelolco Protocol 475 4. Reservations and declarations made to various nuclear-free zone treaties 481 5. General picture of negative security assurances given to the NFZ treaty parties: Some analysis of their legal effect 499 B. Unilateral declarations on negative security assurances 507 1. Security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States 507 2. Evolution of unilateral declarations on negative security assurances ...512 3. Legal nature of unilateral declarations on negative security assurances...526 4. Recent evolution of nuclear/military doctrines of nuclear- weapon States 539 C. Negative security assurances to specific States 553 1. Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Budapest Memorandum of 1994...553 2. North Korea and Mongolia 577 Conclusion 581 Chapter VII. Nuclear disarmament 584 Introduction 584 A. Article VI of the NPT and its drafting history 585 B. ICJ's Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 593 1. Nuclear disarmament-related finding of the Advisory Opinion and its background 593 2. ICJ's Advisory Opinion and nuclear disarmament obligation. . . 598 C. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 1. History leading to the adoption of the Treaty 624 2. Basic prohibitions 629 3. Obligations toward the total elimination of nuclear weapons . . . 639 4. Relationship with other agreements 649 5. Implications for general international law 662 Conclusion 664 Conclusion 669 Bibliography 673

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